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<section id="zipformer-transducer">
<h1>Zipformer Transducer<a class="headerlink" href="#zipformer-transducer" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h1>
<p>This tutorial shows you how to run a <strong>streaming</strong> zipformer transducer model
with the <a class="reference external" href="https://www.openslr.org/12">LibriSpeech</a> dataset.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>The tutorial is suitable for <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/k2-fsa/icefall/tree/master/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming">pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming</a>,</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition hint">
<p class="admonition-title">Hint</p>
<p>We assume you have read the page <a class="reference internal" href="../../../installation/index.html#install-icefall"><span class="std std-ref">Installation</span></a> and have setup
the environment for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">icefall</span></code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition hint">
<p class="admonition-title">Hint</p>
<p>We recommend you to use a GPU or several GPUs to run this recipe.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition hint">
<p class="admonition-title">Hint</p>
<p>Please scroll down to the bottom of this page to find download links
for pretrained models if you don’t want to train a model from scratch.</p>
</div>
<p>We use pruned RNN-T to compute the loss.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>You can find the paper about pruned RNN-T at the following address:</p>
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.13236">https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.13236</a></p>
</div>
<p>The transducer model consists of 3 parts:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><ul class="simple">
<li><p>Encoder, a.k.a, the transcription network. We use a Zipformer model (proposed by Daniel Povey)</p></li>
<li><p>Decoder, a.k.a, the prediction network. We use a stateless model consisting of
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nn.Embedding</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nn.Conv1d</span></code></p></li>
<li><p>Joiner, a.k.a, the joint network.</p></li>
</ul>
</div></blockquote>
<div class="admonition caution">
<p class="admonition-title">Caution</p>
<p>Contrary to the conventional RNN-T models, we use a stateless decoder.
That is, it has no recurrent connections.</p>
</div>
<section id="data-preparation">
<h2>Data preparation<a class="headerlink" href="#data-preparation" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<div class="admonition hint">
<p class="admonition-title">Hint</p>
<p>The data preparation is the same as other recipes on LibriSpeech dataset,
if you have finished this step, you can skip to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Training</span></code> directly.</p>
</div>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ <span class="nb">cd</span> egs/librispeech/ASR
$ ./prepare.sh
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The script <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">./prepare.sh</span></code> handles the data preparation for you, <strong>automagically</strong>.
All you need to do is to run it.</p>
<p>The data preparation contains several stages, you can use the following two
options:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><ul class="simple">
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--stage</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--stop-stage</span></code></p></li>
</ul>
</div></blockquote>
<p>to control which stage(s) should be run. By default, all stages are executed.</p>
<p>For example,</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ <span class="nb">cd</span> egs/librispeech/ASR
$ ./prepare.sh --stage <span class="m">0</span> --stop-stage <span class="m">0</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>means to run only stage 0.</p>
<p>To run stage 2 to stage 5, use:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ ./prepare.sh --stage <span class="m">2</span> --stop-stage <span class="m">5</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition hint">
<p class="admonition-title">Hint</p>
<p>If you have pre-downloaded the <a class="reference external" href="https://www.openslr.org/12">LibriSpeech</a>
dataset and the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.openslr.org/17/">musan</a> dataset, say,
they are saved in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/tmp/LibriSpeech</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/tmp/musan</span></code>, you can modify
the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dl_dir</span></code> variable in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">./prepare.sh</span></code> to point to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/tmp</span></code> so that
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">./prepare.sh</span></code> won’t re-download them.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>All generated files by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">./prepare.sh</span></code>, e.g., features, lexicon, etc,
are saved in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">./data</span></code> directory.</p>
</div>
<p>We provide the following YouTube video showing how to run <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">./prepare.sh</span></code>.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>To get the latest news of <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/k2-fsa">next-gen Kaldi</a>, please subscribe
the following YouTube channel by <a class="reference external" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_VaumpkmINz1pNkFXAN9mw">Nadira Povey</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><p><a class="reference external" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_VaumpkmINz1pNkFXAN9mw">https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_VaumpkmINz1pNkFXAN9mw</a></p>
</div></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="video_wrapper" style="">
<iframe allowfullscreen="true" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ofEIoJL-mGM" style="border: 0; height: 345px; width: 560px">
</iframe></div></section>
<section id="training">
<h2>Training<a class="headerlink" href="#training" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<section id="configurable-options">
<h3>Configurable options<a class="headerlink" href="#configurable-options" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ <span class="nb">cd</span> egs/librispeech/ASR
$ ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/train.py --help
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>shows you the training options that can be passed from the commandline.
The following options are used quite often:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><ul>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--exp-dir</span></code></p>
<p>The directory to save checkpoints, training logs and tensorboard.</p>
</li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--full-libri</span></code></p>
<p>If it’s True, the training part uses all the training data, i.e.,
960 hours. Otherwise, the training part uses only the subset
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">train-clean-100</span></code>, which has 100 hours of training data.</p>
<div class="admonition caution">
<p class="admonition-title">Caution</p>
<p>The training set is perturbed by speed with two factors: 0.9 and 1.1.
If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--full-libri</span></code> is True, each epoch actually processes
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">3x960</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">2880</span></code> hours of data.</p>
</div>
</li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--num-epochs</span></code></p>
<p>It is the number of epochs to train. For instance,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/train.py</span> <span class="pre">--num-epochs</span> <span class="pre">30</span></code> trains for 30 epochs
and generates <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">epoch-1.pt</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">epoch-2.pt</span></code>, …, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">epoch-30.pt</span></code>
in the folder <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/exp</span></code>.</p>
</li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--start-epoch</span></code></p>
<p>It’s used to resume training.
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/train.py</span> <span class="pre">--start-epoch</span> <span class="pre">10</span></code> loads the
checkpoint <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/exp/epoch-9.pt</span></code> and starts
training from epoch 10, based on the state from epoch 9.</p>
</li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--world-size</span></code></p>
<p>It is used for multi-GPU single-machine DDP training.</p>
<blockquote>
<div><ul class="simple">
<li><ol class="loweralpha simple">
<li><p>If it is 1, then no DDP training is used.</p></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><ol class="loweralpha simple" start="2">
<li><p>If it is 2, then GPU 0 and GPU 1 are used for DDP training.</p></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</div></blockquote>
<p>The following shows some use cases with it.</p>
<blockquote>
<div><p><strong>Use case 1</strong>: You have 4 GPUs, but you only want to use GPU 0 and
GPU 2 for training. You can do the following:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ <span class="nb">cd</span> egs/librispeech/ASR
$ <span class="nb">export</span> <span class="nv">CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;0,2&quot;</span>
$ ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/train.py --world-size <span class="m">2</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
<p><strong>Use case 2</strong>: You have 4 GPUs and you want to use all of them
for training. You can do the following:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ <span class="nb">cd</span> egs/librispeech/ASR
$ ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/train.py --world-size <span class="m">4</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
<p><strong>Use case 3</strong>: You have 4 GPUs but you only want to use GPU 3
for training. You can do the following:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ <span class="nb">cd</span> egs/librispeech/ASR
$ <span class="nb">export</span> <span class="nv">CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;3&quot;</span>
$ ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/train.py --world-size <span class="m">1</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
</div></blockquote>
<div class="admonition caution">
<p class="admonition-title">Caution</p>
<p>Only multi-GPU single-machine DDP training is implemented at present.
Multi-GPU multi-machine DDP training will be added later.</p>
</div>
</li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--max-duration</span></code></p>
<p>It specifies the number of seconds over all utterances in a
batch, before <strong>padding</strong>.
If you encounter CUDA OOM, please reduce it.</p>
<div class="admonition hint">
<p class="admonition-title">Hint</p>
<p>Due to padding, the number of seconds of all utterances in a
batch will usually be larger than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--max-duration</span></code>.</p>
<p>A larger value for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--max-duration</span></code> may cause OOM during training,
while a smaller value may increase the training time. You have to
tune it.</p>
</div>
</li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--use-fp16</span></code></p>
<p>If it is True, the model will train with half precision, from our experiment
results, by using half precision you can train with two times larger <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--max-duration</span></code>
so as to get almost 2X speed up.</p>
<p>We recommend using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--use-fp16</span> <span class="pre">True</span></code>.</p>
</li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--short-chunk-size</span></code></p>
<p>When training a streaming attention model with chunk masking, the chunk size
would be either max sequence length of current batch or uniformly sampled from
(1, short_chunk_size). The default value is 50, you don’t have to change it most of the time.</p>
</li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--num-left-chunks</span></code></p>
<p>It indicates how many left context (in chunks) that can be seen when calculating attention.
The default value is 4, you don’t have to change it most of the time.</p>
</li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--decode-chunk-len</span></code></p>
<p>The chunk size for decoding (in frames before subsampling). It is used for validation.
The default value is 32 (i.e., 320ms).</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div></blockquote>
</section>
<section id="pre-configured-options">
<h3>Pre-configured options<a class="headerlink" href="#pre-configured-options" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<p>There are some training options, e.g., number of encoder layers,
encoder dimension, decoder dimension, number of warmup steps etc,
that are not passed from the commandline.
They are pre-configured by the function <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_params()</span></code> in
<a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/k2-fsa/icefall/blob/master/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/train.py">pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/train.py</a></p>
<p>You don’t need to change these pre-configured parameters. If you really need to change
them, please modify <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/train.py</span></code> directly.</p>
</section>
<section id="training-logs">
<h3>Training logs<a class="headerlink" href="#training-logs" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<p>Training logs and checkpoints are saved in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--exp-dir</span></code> (e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/exp</span></code>.
You will find the following files in that directory:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><ul>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">epoch-1.pt</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">epoch-2.pt</span></code>, …</p>
<p>These are checkpoint files saved at the end of each epoch, containing model
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">state_dict</span></code> and optimizer <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">state_dict</span></code>.
To resume training from some checkpoint, say <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">epoch-10.pt</span></code>, you can use:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/train.py --start-epoch <span class="m">11</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
</li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">checkpoint-436000.pt</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">checkpoint-438000.pt</span></code>, …</p>
<p>These are checkpoint files saved every <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--save-every-n</span></code> batches,
containing model <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">state_dict</span></code> and optimizer <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">state_dict</span></code>.
To resume training from some checkpoint, say <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">checkpoint-436000</span></code>, you can use:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/train.py --start-batch <span class="m">436000</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
</li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tensorboard/</span></code></p>
<p>This folder contains tensorBoard logs. Training loss, validation loss, learning
rate, etc, are recorded in these logs. You can visualize them by:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ <span class="nb">cd</span> pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/exp/tensorboard
$ tensorboard dev upload --logdir . --description <span class="s2">&quot;pruned transducer training for LibriSpeech with icefall&quot;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="admonition hint">
<p class="admonition-title">Hint</p>
<p>If you don’t have access to google, you can use the following command
to view the tensorboard log locally:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">cd</span> pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/exp/tensorboard
tensorboard --logdir . --port <span class="m">6008</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
<p>It will print the following message:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Serving</span> <span class="n">TensorBoard</span> <span class="n">on</span> <span class="n">localhost</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">expose</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">network</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">use</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="n">proxy</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="k">pass</span> <span class="o">--</span><span class="n">bind_all</span>
<span class="n">TensorBoard</span> <span class="mf">2.8.0</span> <span class="n">at</span> <span class="n">http</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="o">//</span><span class="n">localhost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">6008</span><span class="o">/</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Press</span> <span class="n">CTRL</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">C</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">quit</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
<p>Now start your browser and go to <a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6008">http://localhost:6008</a> to view the tensorboard
logs.</p>
</div>
<ul>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">log/log-train-xxxx</span></code></p>
<p>It is the detailed training log in text format, same as the one
you saw printed to the console during training.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div></blockquote>
</section>
<section id="usage-example">
<h3>Usage example<a class="headerlink" href="#usage-example" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<p>You can use the following command to start the training using 4 GPUs:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">export</span> <span class="nv">CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;0,1,2,3&quot;</span>
./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/train.py <span class="se">\</span>
--world-size <span class="m">4</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--num-epochs <span class="m">30</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--start-epoch <span class="m">1</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--use-fp16 <span class="m">1</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--exp-dir pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/exp <span class="se">\</span>
--full-libri <span class="m">1</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--max-duration <span class="m">550</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="decoding">
<h2>Decoding<a class="headerlink" href="#decoding" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>The decoding part uses checkpoints saved by the training part, so you have
to run the training part first.</p>
<div class="admonition hint">
<p class="admonition-title">Hint</p>
<p>There are two kinds of checkpoints:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><ul class="simple">
<li><p>(1) <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">epoch-1.pt</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">epoch-2.pt</span></code>, …, which are saved at the end
of each epoch. You can pass <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--epoch</span></code> to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/decode.py</span></code> to use them.</p></li>
<li><p>(2) <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">checkpoints-436000.pt</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">epoch-438000.pt</span></code>, …, which are saved
every <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--save-every-n</span></code> batches. You can pass <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--iter</span></code> to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/decode.py</span></code> to use them.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>We suggest that you try both types of checkpoints and choose the one
that produces the lowest WERs.</p>
</div></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="admonition tip">
<p class="admonition-title">Tip</p>
<p>To decode a streaming model, you can use either <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">simulate</span> <span class="pre">streaming</span> <span class="pre">decoding</span></code> in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decode.py</span></code> or
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">real</span> <span class="pre">chunk-wise</span> <span class="pre">streaming</span> <span class="pre">decoding</span></code> in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">streaming_decode.py</span></code>. The difference between <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decode.py</span></code> and
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">streaming_decode.py</span></code> is that, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decode.py</span></code> processes the whole acoustic frames at one time with masking (i.e. same as training),
but <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">streaming_decode.py</span></code> processes the acoustic frames chunk by chunk.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">simulate</span> <span class="pre">streaming</span> <span class="pre">decoding</span></code> in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decode.py</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">real</span> <span class="pre">chunk-size</span> <span class="pre">streaming</span> <span class="pre">decoding</span></code> in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">streaming_decode.py</span></code> should
produce almost the same results given the same <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--decode-chunk-len</span></code>.</p>
</div>
<section id="simulate-streaming-decoding">
<h3>Simulate streaming decoding<a class="headerlink" href="#simulate-streaming-decoding" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ <span class="nb">cd</span> egs/librispeech/ASR
$ ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/decode.py --help
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>shows the options for decoding.
The following options are important for streaming models:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--decode-chunk-len</span></code></p>
<blockquote>
<div><p>It is same as in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">train.py</span></code>, which specifies the chunk size for decoding (in frames before subsampling).
The default value is 32 (i.e., 320ms).</p>
</div></blockquote>
</div></blockquote>
<p>The following shows two examples (for the two types of checkpoints):</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">for</span> m <span class="k">in</span> greedy_search fast_beam_search modified_beam_search<span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="k">for</span> epoch <span class="k">in</span> <span class="m">30</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="k">for</span> avg <span class="k">in</span> <span class="m">12</span> <span class="m">11</span> <span class="m">10</span> <span class="m">9</span> <span class="m">8</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">do</span>
./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/decode.py <span class="se">\</span>
--epoch <span class="nv">$epoch</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--avg <span class="nv">$avg</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--decode-chunk-len <span class="m">32</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--exp-dir pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/exp <span class="se">\</span>
--max-duration <span class="m">600</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--decoding-method <span class="nv">$m</span>
<span class="k">done</span>
<span class="k">done</span>
<span class="k">done</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">for</span> m <span class="k">in</span> greedy_search fast_beam_search modified_beam_search<span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="k">for</span> iter <span class="k">in</span> <span class="m">474000</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="k">for</span> avg <span class="k">in</span> <span class="m">8</span> <span class="m">10</span> <span class="m">12</span> <span class="m">14</span> <span class="m">16</span> <span class="m">18</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">do</span>
./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/decode.py <span class="se">\</span>
--iter <span class="nv">$iter</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--avg <span class="nv">$avg</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--decode-chunk-len <span class="m">32</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--exp-dir pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/exp <span class="se">\</span>
--max-duration <span class="m">600</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--decoding-method <span class="nv">$m</span>
<span class="k">done</span>
<span class="k">done</span>
<span class="k">done</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="real-streaming-decoding">
<h3>Real streaming decoding<a class="headerlink" href="#real-streaming-decoding" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ <span class="nb">cd</span> egs/librispeech/ASR
$ ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/streaming_decode.py --help
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>shows the options for decoding.
The following options are important for streaming models:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--decode-chunk-len</span></code></p>
<blockquote>
<div><p>It is same as in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">train.py</span></code>, which specifies the chunk size for decoding (in frames before subsampling).
The default value is 32 (i.e., 320ms).
For <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">real</span> <span class="pre">streaming</span> <span class="pre">decoding</span></code>, we will process <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decode-chunk-len</span></code> acoustic frames at each time.</p>
</div></blockquote>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--num-decode-streams</span></code></p>
<blockquote>
<div><p>The number of decoding streams that can be run in parallel (very similar to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bath</span> <span class="pre">size</span></code>).
For <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">real</span> <span class="pre">streaming</span> <span class="pre">decoding</span></code>, the batches will be packed dynamically, for example, if the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">num-decode-streams</span></code> equals to 10, then, sequence 1 to 10 will be decoded at first, after a while,
suppose sequence 1 and 2 are done, so, sequence 3 to 12 will be processed parallelly in a batch.</p>
</div></blockquote>
</div></blockquote>
<p>The following shows two examples (for the two types of checkpoints):</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">for</span> m <span class="k">in</span> greedy_search fast_beam_search modified_beam_search<span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="k">for</span> epoch <span class="k">in</span> <span class="m">30</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="k">for</span> avg <span class="k">in</span> <span class="m">12</span> <span class="m">11</span> <span class="m">10</span> <span class="m">9</span> <span class="m">8</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">do</span>
./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/decode.py <span class="se">\</span>
--epoch <span class="nv">$epoch</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--avg <span class="nv">$avg</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--decode-chunk-len <span class="m">32</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--num-decode-streams <span class="m">100</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--exp-dir pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/exp <span class="se">\</span>
--decoding-method <span class="nv">$m</span>
<span class="k">done</span>
<span class="k">done</span>
<span class="k">done</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">for</span> m <span class="k">in</span> greedy_search fast_beam_search modified_beam_search<span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="k">for</span> iter <span class="k">in</span> <span class="m">474000</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="k">for</span> avg <span class="k">in</span> <span class="m">8</span> <span class="m">10</span> <span class="m">12</span> <span class="m">14</span> <span class="m">16</span> <span class="m">18</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">do</span>
./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/decode.py <span class="se">\</span>
--iter <span class="nv">$iter</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--avg <span class="nv">$avg</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--decode-chunk-len <span class="m">16</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--num-decode-streams <span class="m">100</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--exp-dir pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/exp <span class="se">\</span>
--decoding-method <span class="nv">$m</span>
<span class="k">done</span>
<span class="k">done</span>
<span class="k">done</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition tip">
<p class="admonition-title">Tip</p>
<p>Supporting decoding methods are as follows:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><ul class="simple">
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">greedy_search</span></code> : It takes the symbol with largest posterior probability
of each frame as the decoding result.</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">beam_search</span></code> : It implements Algorithm 1 in <a class="reference external" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1211.3711.pdf">https://arxiv.org/pdf/1211.3711.pdf</a> and
<a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/espnet/espnet/blob/master/espnet/nets/beam_search_transducer.py#L247">espnet/nets/beam_search_transducer.py</a>
is used as a reference. Basicly, it keeps topk states for each frame, and expands the kept states with their own contexts to
next frame.</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">modified_beam_search</span></code> : It implements the same algorithm as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">beam_search</span></code> above, but it
runs in batch mode with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--max-sym-per-frame=1</span></code> being hardcoded.</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fast_beam_search</span></code> : It implements graph composition between the output <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">log_probs</span></code> and
given <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FSAs</span></code>. It is hard to describe the details in several lines of texts, you can read
our paper in <a class="reference external" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.00484.pdf">https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.00484.pdf</a> or our <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/k2-fsa/k2/blob/master/k2/csrc/rnnt_decode.h">rnnt decode code in k2</a>. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fast_beam_search</span></code> can decode with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FSAs</span></code> on GPU efficiently.</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fast_beam_search_LG</span></code> : The same as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fast_beam_search</span></code> above, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fast_beam_search</span></code> uses
an trivial graph that has only one state, while <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fast_beam_search_LG</span></code> uses an LG graph
(with N-gram LM).</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fast_beam_search_nbest</span></code> : It produces the decoding results as follows:</p>
<ul>
<li><ol class="arabic simple">
<li><p>Use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fast_beam_search</span></code> to get a lattice</p></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><ol class="arabic simple" start="2">
<li><p>Select <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">num_paths</span></code> paths from the lattice using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">k2.random_paths()</span></code></p></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><ol class="arabic simple" start="3">
<li><p>Unique the selected paths</p></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><ol class="arabic simple" start="4">
<li><p>Intersect the selected paths with the lattice and compute the
shortest path from the intersection result</p></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><ol class="arabic simple" start="5">
<li><p>The path with the largest score is used as the decoding output.</p></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fast_beam_search_nbest_LG</span></code> : It implements same logic as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fast_beam_search_nbest</span></code>, the
only difference is that it uses <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fast_beam_search_LG</span></code> to generate the lattice.</p></li>
</ul>
</div></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>The supporting decoding methods in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">streaming_decode.py</span></code> might be less than that in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decode.py</span></code>, if needed,
you can implement them by yourself or file a issue in <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/k2-fsa/icefall/issues">icefall</a> .</p>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="export-model">
<h2>Export Model<a class="headerlink" href="#export-model" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>Currently it supports exporting checkpoints from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/exp</span></code> in the following ways.</p>
<section id="export-model-state-dict">
<h3>Export <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">model.state_dict()</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#export-model-state-dict" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<p>Checkpoints saved by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/train.py</span></code> also include
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">optimizer.state_dict()</span></code>. It is useful for resuming training. But after training,
we are interested only in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">model.state_dict()</span></code>. You can use the following
command to extract <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">model.state_dict()</span></code>.</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Assume that --epoch 30 --avg 9 produces the smallest WER</span>
<span class="c1"># (You can get such information after running ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/decode.py)</span>
<span class="nv">epoch</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">30</span>
<span class="nv">avg</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">9</span>
./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export.py <span class="se">\</span>
--exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/exp <span class="se">\</span>
--bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model <span class="se">\</span>
--epoch <span class="nv">$epoch</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--avg <span class="nv">$avg</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--use-averaged-model<span class="o">=</span>True <span class="se">\</span>
--decode-chunk-len <span class="m">32</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>It will generate a file <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/exp/pretrained.pt</span></code>.</p>
<div class="admonition hint">
<p class="admonition-title">Hint</p>
<p>To use the generated <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pretrained.pt</span></code> for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/decode.py</span></code>,
you can run:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">cd</span> pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/exp
ln -s pretrained.pt epoch-999.pt
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>And then pass <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--epoch</span> <span class="pre">999</span> <span class="pre">--avg</span> <span class="pre">1</span> <span class="pre">--use-averaged-model</span> <span class="pre">0</span></code> to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/decode.py</span></code>.</p>
</div>
<p>To use the exported model with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/pretrained.py</span></code>, you
can run:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/pretrained.py <span class="se">\</span>
--checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/exp/pretrained.pt <span class="se">\</span>
--bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model <span class="se">\</span>
--method greedy_search <span class="se">\</span>
--decode-chunk-len <span class="m">32</span> <span class="se">\</span>
/path/to/foo.wav <span class="se">\</span>
/path/to/bar.wav
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="export-model-using-torch-jit-script">
<h3>Export model using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">torch.jit.script()</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#export-model-using-torch-jit-script" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export.py <span class="se">\</span>
--exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/exp <span class="se">\</span>
--bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model <span class="se">\</span>
--epoch <span class="m">30</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--avg <span class="m">9</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--decode-chunk-len <span class="m">32</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--jit <span class="m">1</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition caution">
<p class="admonition-title">Caution</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--decode-chunk-len</span></code> is required to export a ScriptModule.</p>
</div>
<p>It will generate a file <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cpu_jit.pt</span></code> in the given <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exp_dir</span></code>. You can later
load it by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">torch.jit.load(&quot;cpu_jit.pt&quot;)</span></code>.</p>
<p>Note <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cpu</span></code> in the name <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cpu_jit.pt</span></code> means the parameters when loaded into Python
are on CPU. You can use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">to(&quot;cuda&quot;)</span></code> to move them to a CUDA device.</p>
</section>
<section id="export-model-using-torch-jit-trace">
<h3>Export model using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">torch.jit.trace()</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#export-model-using-torch-jit-trace" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">epoch</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">30</span>
<span class="nv">avg</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">9</span>
./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/jit_trace_export.py <span class="se">\</span>
--bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model <span class="se">\</span>
--use-averaged-model<span class="o">=</span>True <span class="se">\</span>
--decode-chunk-len <span class="m">32</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/exp <span class="se">\</span>
--epoch <span class="nv">$epoch</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--avg <span class="nv">$avg</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition caution">
<p class="admonition-title">Caution</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--decode-chunk-len</span></code> is required to export a ScriptModule.</p>
</div>
<p>It will generate 3 files:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><ul class="simple">
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/exp/encoder_jit_trace.pt</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/exp/decoder_jit_trace.pt</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/exp/joiner_jit_trace.pt</span></code></p></li>
</ul>
</div></blockquote>
<p>To use the generated files with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/jit_trace_pretrained.py</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/jit_trace_pretrained.py <span class="se">\</span>
--encoder-model-filename ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/exp/encoder_jit_trace.pt <span class="se">\</span>
--decoder-model-filename ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/exp/decoder_jit_trace.pt <span class="se">\</span>
--joiner-model-filename ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/exp/joiner_jit_trace.pt <span class="se">\</span>
--bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model <span class="se">\</span>
--decode-chunk-len <span class="m">32</span> <span class="se">\</span>
/path/to/foo.wav
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="download-pretrained-models">
<h2>Download pretrained models<a class="headerlink" href="#download-pretrained-models" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>If you don’t want to train from scratch, you can download the pretrained models
by visiting the following links:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><ul class="simple">
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://huggingface.co/Zengwei/icefall-asr-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless7-streaming-2022-12-29">pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming</a></p></li>
</ul>
<p>See <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/k2-fsa/icefall/blob/master/egs/librispeech/ASR/RESULTS.md">https://github.com/k2-fsa/icefall/blob/master/egs/librispeech/ASR/RESULTS.md</a>
for the details of the above pretrained models</p>
</div></blockquote>
</section>
<section id="deploy-with-sherpa">
<h2>Deploy with Sherpa<a class="headerlink" href="#deploy-with-sherpa" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>Please see <a class="reference external" href="https://k2-fsa.github.io/sherpa/python/streaming_asr/conformer/index.html#">https://k2-fsa.github.io/sherpa/python/streaming_asr/conformer/index.html#</a>
for how to deploy the models in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sherpa</span></code>.</p>
</section>
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