From a81396b482c799b2ace2cefb79859be827b16f00 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: zr_jin <peter.jin.cn@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 12 Aug 2023 16:53:59 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] Use tokens.txt to replace bpe.model (#1162)

---
 ...n-librispeech-conformer-ctc3-2022-11-28.sh |  10 +-
 ...h-lstm-transducer-stateless2-2022-09-03.sh |   6 +-
 ...-pruned-transducer-stateless-2022-03-12.sh |   4 +-
 ...pruned-transducer-stateless2-2022-04-29.sh |   4 +-
 ...pruned-transducer-stateless3-2022-04-29.sh |   4 +-
 ...pruned-transducer-stateless3-2022-05-13.sh |   8 +-
 ...pruned-transducer-stateless5-2022-05-13.sh |   4 +-
 ...pruned-transducer-stateless7-2022-11-11.sh |   6 +-
 ...ed-transducer-stateless7-ctc-2022-12-01.sh |   6 +-
 ...transducer-stateless7-ctc-bs-2023-01-29.sh |   6 +-
 ...nsducer-stateless7-streaming-2022-12-29.sh |   6 +-
 ...pruned-transducer-stateless8-2022-11-14.sh |   6 +-
 ...pruned-transducer-stateless2-2022-06-26.sh |   4 +-
 ...speech-transducer-stateless2-2022-04-19.sh |   4 +-
 ...un-librispeech-zipformer-mmi-2022-12-08.sh |   4 +-
 .../scripts/run-pre-trained-conformer-ctc.sh  |   4 +-
 ...d-transducer-stateless-librispeech-100h.sh |   4 +-
 ...d-transducer-stateless-librispeech-960h.sh |   4 +-
 .../run-pre-trained-transducer-stateless.sh   |   4 +-
 .github/scripts/run-pre-trained-transducer.sh |   2 +-
 ...enetspeech-pruned-transducer-stateless2.sh |  36 +-
 .github/scripts/test-ncnn-export.sh           |  12 +-
 .github/scripts/test-onnx-export.sh           | 138 ++++++-
 .../pruned_transducer_stateless7/export.py    | 322 +---------------
 .../pretrained.py                             | 349 +-----------------
 egs/librispeech/ASR/conformer_ctc/export.py   |  18 +-
 .../ASR/conformer_ctc/pretrained.py           |  40 +-
 egs/librispeech/ASR/conformer_ctc2/export.py  |  19 +-
 egs/librispeech/ASR/conformer_ctc3/export.py  |  23 +-
 .../ASR/conformer_ctc3/pretrained.py          |  42 ++-
 .../export.py                                 |  22 +-
 .../export-for-ncnn.py                        |  22 +-
 .../export-onnx.py                            |  25 +-
 .../export.py                                 |  22 +-
 .../onnx_pretrained.py                        |   2 +-
 .../ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless/export.py   |  25 +-
 .../lstm_transducer_stateless/pretrained.py   |  49 +--
 .../export-for-ncnn.py                        |  23 +-
 .../export-onnx-zh.py                         |   2 +-
 .../lstm_transducer_stateless2/export-onnx.py |  25 +-
 .../ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless2/export.py  |  25 +-
 .../lstm_transducer_stateless2/pretrained.py  |  49 +--
 .../ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless3/export.py  |  25 +-
 .../lstm_transducer_stateless3/pretrained.py  |  46 ++-
 .../pruned_stateless_emformer_rnnt2/export.py |  23 +-
 .../export-onnx.py                            |   2 +-
 .../ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless/export.py |  24 +-
 .../pruned_transducer_stateless/pretrained.py |  49 +--
 .../pruned_transducer_stateless2/export.py    |  22 +-
 .../pretrained.py                             |  49 +--
 .../export-onnx.py                            |  24 +-
 .../pruned_transducer_stateless3/export.py    |  26 +-
 .../pretrained.py                             |  51 +--
 .../pruned_transducer_stateless4/export.py    |  22 +-
 .../export-onnx-streaming.py                  |  26 +-
 .../export-onnx.py                            |  26 +-
 .../pruned_transducer_stateless5/export.py    |  22 +-
 .../pretrained.py                             |  49 +--
 .../pruned_transducer_stateless6/export.py    |  22 +-
 .../export-onnx.py                            |  27 +-
 .../pruned_transducer_stateless7/export.py    |  30 +-
 .../pretrained.py                             |  55 +--
 .../export.py                                 |  24 +-
 .../pretrained.py                             |  51 +--
 .../pretrained_ctc.py                         |  10 +-
 .../export.py                                 |  24 +-
 .../export_onnx.py                            |  26 +-
 .../pretrained.py                             |  51 +--
 .../pretrained_ctc.py                         |  10 +-
 .../export-for-ncnn-zh.py                     |  21 +-
 .../export-for-ncnn.py                        |  22 +-
 .../export-onnx-zh.py                         |  25 +-
 .../export-onnx.py                            |  24 +-
 .../export.py                                 |  20 +-
 .../pretrained.py                             |  51 +--
 .../export-for-ncnn.py                        |  22 +-
 .../pruned_transducer_stateless8/export.py    |  24 +-
 .../pretrained.py                             |  51 +--
 egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer/export.py      |  22 +-
 egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer/pretrained.py  |  33 +-
 .../ASR/transducer_stateless/export.py        |  22 +-
 .../ASR/transducer_stateless/pretrained.py    |  36 +-
 .../ASR/transducer_stateless2/export.py       |  22 +-
 .../ASR/transducer_stateless2/pretrained.py   |  36 +-
 .../export.py                                 |  22 +-
 .../pretrained.py                             |  36 +-
 .../ASR/zipformer/export-onnx-streaming.py    |   4 +-
 egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/export-onnx.py  |   4 +-
 egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/export.py       |  25 +-
 .../ASR/zipformer/jit_pretrained_ctc.py       |  18 +-
 egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/onnx_check.py   |   1 -
 .../zipformer/onnx_pretrained-streaming.py    |   3 +-
 .../ASR/zipformer/onnx_pretrained.py          |   1 -
 .../ASR/zipformer/pretrained_ctc.py           |  20 +-
 egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer_mmi/export.py   |  24 +-
 .../ASR/zipformer_mmi/pretrained.py           |  47 +--
 .../export-onnx.py                            |   2 +-
 .../pretrained.py                             |   2 +-
 icefall/utils.py                              |  20 +
 99 files changed, 1243 insertions(+), 1623 deletions(-)
 mode change 100755 => 120000 egs/aishell/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7/export.py
 mode change 100644 => 120000 egs/aishell/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7/pretrained.py

diff --git a/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-conformer-ctc3-2022-11-28.sh b/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-conformer-ctc3-2022-11-28.sh
index c68ccc954..f6fe8c9b2 100755
--- a/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-conformer-ctc3-2022-11-28.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-conformer-ctc3-2022-11-28.sh
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ log "Decode with models exported by torch.jit.trace()"
 for m in ctc-decoding 1best; do
   ./conformer_ctc3/jit_pretrained.py \
     --model-filename $repo/exp/jit_trace.pt \
-    --words-file $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/words.txt  \
+    --words-file $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/words.txt \
     --HLG $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/HLG.pt \
     --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
     --G $repo/data/lm/G_4_gram.pt \
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ log "Export to torchscript model"
 
 ./conformer_ctc3/export.py \
   --exp-dir $repo/exp \
-  --lang-dir $repo/data/lang_bpe_500 \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --jit-trace 1 \
   --epoch 99 \
   --avg 1 \
@@ -80,9 +80,9 @@ done
 for m in ctc-decoding 1best; do
   ./conformer_ctc3/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --words-file $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/words.txt  \
+    --words-file $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/words.txt \
     --HLG $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/HLG.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --G $repo/data/lm/G_4_gram.pt \
     --method $m \
     --sample-rate 16000 \
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ done
 
 echo "GITHUB_EVENT_NAME: ${GITHUB_EVENT_NAME}"
 echo "GITHUB_EVENT_LABEL_NAME: ${GITHUB_EVENT_LABEL_NAME}"
-if [[ x"${GITHUB_EVENT_NAME}" == x"schedule" || x"${GITHUB_EVENT_LABEL_NAME}" == x"run-decode"  ]]; then
+if [[ x"${GITHUB_EVENT_NAME}" == x"schedule" || x"${GITHUB_EVENT_LABEL_NAME}" == x"run-decode" ]]; then
   mkdir -p conformer_ctc3/exp
   ln -s $PWD/$repo/exp/pretrained.pt conformer_ctc3/exp/epoch-999.pt
   ln -s $PWD/$repo/data/lang_bpe_500 data/
diff --git a/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-lstm-transducer-stateless2-2022-09-03.sh b/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-lstm-transducer-stateless2-2022-09-03.sh
index 4cd2c4bec..d547bdd45 100755
--- a/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-lstm-transducer-stateless2-2022-09-03.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-lstm-transducer-stateless2-2022-09-03.sh
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ log "Test exporting with torch.jit.trace()"
 
 ./lstm_transducer_stateless2/export.py \
   --exp-dir $repo/exp \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 99 \
   --avg 1 \
   --use-averaged-model 0 \
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ for sym in 1 2 3; do
     --method greedy_search \
     --max-sym-per-frame $sym \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0002.wav
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ for method in modified_beam_search beam_search fast_beam_search; do
     --method $method \
     --beam-size 4 \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0002.wav
diff --git a/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless-2022-03-12.sh b/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless-2022-03-12.sh
index 6792c7088..412e3ad56 100755
--- a/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless-2022-03-12.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless-2022-03-12.sh
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ for sym in 1 2 3; do
     --method greedy_search \
     --max-sym-per-frame $sym \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0002.wav
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ for method in fast_beam_search modified_beam_search beam_search; do
     --method $method \
     --beam-size 4 \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0002.wav
diff --git a/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless2-2022-04-29.sh b/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless2-2022-04-29.sh
index dbf678d72..243b669ed 100755
--- a/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless2-2022-04-29.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless2-2022-04-29.sh
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ for sym in 1 2 3; do
     --method greedy_search \
     --max-sym-per-frame $sym \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0002.wav
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ for method in modified_beam_search beam_search fast_beam_search; do
     --method $method \
     --beam-size 4 \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0002.wav
diff --git a/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless3-2022-04-29.sh b/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless3-2022-04-29.sh
index b6d477afe..2d0f80304 100755
--- a/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless3-2022-04-29.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless3-2022-04-29.sh
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ for sym in 1 2 3; do
     --method greedy_search \
     --max-sym-per-frame $sym \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0002.wav
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ for method in modified_beam_search beam_search fast_beam_search; do
     --method $method \
     --beam-size 4 \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0002.wav
diff --git a/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless3-2022-05-13.sh b/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless3-2022-05-13.sh
index efa4b53f0..3d5814c48 100755
--- a/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless3-2022-05-13.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless3-2022-05-13.sh
@@ -30,14 +30,14 @@ popd
 log "Export to torchscript model"
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless3/export.py \
   --exp-dir $repo/exp \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 99 \
   --avg 1 \
   --jit 1
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless3/export.py \
   --exp-dir $repo/exp \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 99 \
   --avg 1 \
   --jit-trace 1
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ for sym in 1 2 3; do
     --method greedy_search \
     --max-sym-per-frame $sym \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0002.wav
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ for method in modified_beam_search beam_search fast_beam_search; do
     --method $method \
     --beam-size 4 \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0002.wav
diff --git a/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless5-2022-05-13.sh b/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless5-2022-05-13.sh
index 511fe0c9e..3d2442d54 100755
--- a/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless5-2022-05-13.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless5-2022-05-13.sh
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ for sym in 1 2 3; do
     --method greedy_search \
     --max-sym-per-frame $sym \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --num-encoder-layers 18 \
     --dim-feedforward 2048 \
     --nhead 8 \
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ for method in modified_beam_search beam_search fast_beam_search; do
     --method $method \
     --beam-size 4 \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0002.wav \
diff --git a/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless7-2022-11-11.sh b/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless7-2022-11-11.sh
index 2bc179c86..961dde4f4 100755
--- a/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless7-2022-11-11.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless7-2022-11-11.sh
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ log "Export to torchscript model"
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7/export.py \
   --exp-dir $repo/exp \
   --use-averaged-model false \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 99 \
   --avg 1 \
   --jit 1
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ for sym in 1 2 3; do
     --method greedy_search \
     --max-sym-per-frame $sym \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0002.wav
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ for method in modified_beam_search beam_search fast_beam_search; do
     --method $method \
     --beam-size 4 \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0002.wav
diff --git a/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless7-ctc-2022-12-01.sh b/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless7-ctc-2022-12-01.sh
index 192438353..ba7139efb 100755
--- a/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless7-ctc-2022-12-01.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless7-ctc-2022-12-01.sh
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ log "Export to torchscript model"
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/export.py \
   --exp-dir $repo/exp \
   --use-averaged-model false \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 99 \
   --avg 1 \
   --jit 1
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ for sym in 1 2 3; do
     --method greedy_search \
     --max-sym-per-frame $sym \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0002.wav
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ for method in modified_beam_search beam_search fast_beam_search; do
     --method $method \
     --beam-size 4 \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0002.wav
diff --git a/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless7-ctc-bs-2023-01-29.sh b/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless7-ctc-bs-2023-01-29.sh
index 7d2853c17..1ecbc4798 100755
--- a/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless7-ctc-bs-2023-01-29.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless7-ctc-bs-2023-01-29.sh
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ log "Export to torchscript model"
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/export.py \
   --exp-dir $repo/exp \
   --use-averaged-model false \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 99 \
   --avg 1 \
   --jit 1
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ for sym in 1 2 3; do
     --method greedy_search \
     --max-sym-per-frame $sym \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0002.wav
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ for method in modified_beam_search beam_search fast_beam_search; do
     --method $method \
     --beam-size 4 \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0002.wav
diff --git a/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless7-streaming-2022-12-29.sh b/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless7-streaming-2022-12-29.sh
index e1e4e1f10..37b192a57 100755
--- a/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless7-streaming-2022-12-29.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless7-streaming-2022-12-29.sh
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ log "Export to torchscript model"
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export.py \
   --exp-dir $repo/exp \
   --use-averaged-model false \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --decode-chunk-len 32 \
   --epoch 99 \
   --avg 1 \
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ for sym in 1 2 3; do
     --method greedy_search \
     --max-sym-per-frame $sym \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --decode-chunk-len 32 \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ for method in modified_beam_search beam_search fast_beam_search; do
     --method $method \
     --beam-size 4 \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --decode-chunk-len 32 \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
diff --git a/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless8-2022-11-14.sh b/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless8-2022-11-14.sh
index 5d9485692..4f2bfac24 100755
--- a/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless8-2022-11-14.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless8-2022-11-14.sh
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ log "Decode with models exported by torch.jit.script()"
 log "Export to torchscript model"
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless8/export.py \
   --exp-dir $repo/exp \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --use-averaged-model false \
   --epoch 99 \
   --avg 1 \
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ for sym in 1 2 3; do
     --method greedy_search \
     --max-sym-per-frame $sym \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0002.wav
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ for method in modified_beam_search beam_search fast_beam_search; do
     --method $method \
     --beam-size 4 \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0002.wav
diff --git a/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-streaming-pruned-transducer-stateless2-2022-06-26.sh b/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-streaming-pruned-transducer-stateless2-2022-06-26.sh
index 77cd59506..5cbdad16d 100755
--- a/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-streaming-pruned-transducer-stateless2-2022-06-26.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-streaming-pruned-transducer-stateless2-2022-06-26.sh
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ for sym in 1 2 3; do
     --method greedy_search \
     --max-sym-per-frame $sym \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --simulate-streaming 1 \
     --causal-convolution 1 \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ for method in modified_beam_search beam_search fast_beam_search; do
     --method $method \
     --beam-size 4 \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --simulate-streaming 1 \
     --causal-convolution 1 \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
diff --git a/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-transducer-stateless2-2022-04-19.sh b/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-transducer-stateless2-2022-04-19.sh
index b4aca1b6b..ff77855a2 100755
--- a/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-transducer-stateless2-2022-04-19.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-transducer-stateless2-2022-04-19.sh
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ for sym in 1 2 3; do
     --method greedy_search \
     --max-sym-per-frame $sym \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0002.wav
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ for method in fast_beam_search modified_beam_search beam_search; do
     --method $method \
     --beam-size 4 \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0002.wav
diff --git a/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-zipformer-mmi-2022-12-08.sh b/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-zipformer-mmi-2022-12-08.sh
index a58b8ec56..c59921055 100755
--- a/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-zipformer-mmi-2022-12-08.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/run-librispeech-zipformer-mmi-2022-12-08.sh
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ log "Export to torchscript model"
 ./zipformer_mmi/export.py \
   --exp-dir $repo/exp \
   --use-averaged-model false \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 99 \
   --avg 1 \
   --jit 1
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ for method in 1best nbest nbest-rescoring-LG nbest-rescoring-3-gram nbest-rescor
     --method $method \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
     --lang-dir $repo/data/lang_bpe_500 \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0002.wav
diff --git a/.github/scripts/run-pre-trained-conformer-ctc.sh b/.github/scripts/run-pre-trained-conformer-ctc.sh
index 125d1f3b1..a4959aa01 100755
--- a/.github/scripts/run-pre-trained-conformer-ctc.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/run-pre-trained-conformer-ctc.sh
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ log "CTC decoding"
   --method ctc-decoding \
   --num-classes 500 \
   --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.flac \
   $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.flac \
   $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0002.flac
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ log "HLG decoding"
   --method 1best \
   --num-classes 500 \
   --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --words-file $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/words.txt \
   --HLG $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/HLG.pt \
   $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.flac \
diff --git a/.github/scripts/run-pre-trained-transducer-stateless-librispeech-100h.sh b/.github/scripts/run-pre-trained-transducer-stateless-librispeech-100h.sh
index 89115e88d..7b686328d 100755
--- a/.github/scripts/run-pre-trained-transducer-stateless-librispeech-100h.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/run-pre-trained-transducer-stateless-librispeech-100h.sh
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ for sym in 1 2 3; do
     --method greedy_search \
     --max-sym-per-frame $sym \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0002.wav
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ for method in modified_beam_search beam_search fast_beam_search; do
     --method $method \
     --beam-size 4 \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0002.wav
diff --git a/.github/scripts/run-pre-trained-transducer-stateless-librispeech-960h.sh b/.github/scripts/run-pre-trained-transducer-stateless-librispeech-960h.sh
index 85e2c89e6..a8eeeb514 100755
--- a/.github/scripts/run-pre-trained-transducer-stateless-librispeech-960h.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/run-pre-trained-transducer-stateless-librispeech-960h.sh
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ for sym in 1 2 3; do
     --method greedy_search \
     --max-sym-per-frame $sym \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0002.wav
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ for method in modified_beam_search beam_search fast_beam_search; do
     --method $method \
     --beam-size 4 \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0002.wav
diff --git a/.github/scripts/run-pre-trained-transducer-stateless.sh b/.github/scripts/run-pre-trained-transducer-stateless.sh
index 41456f11b..2e2360435 100755
--- a/.github/scripts/run-pre-trained-transducer-stateless.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/run-pre-trained-transducer-stateless.sh
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ for sym in 1 2 3; do
     --method greedy_search \
     --max-sym-per-frame $sym \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0002.wav
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ for method in fast_beam_search modified_beam_search beam_search; do
     --method $method \
     --beam-size 4 \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
     $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0002.wav
diff --git a/.github/scripts/run-pre-trained-transducer.sh b/.github/scripts/run-pre-trained-transducer.sh
index 1331c966c..b865f8d13 100755
--- a/.github/scripts/run-pre-trained-transducer.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/run-pre-trained-transducer.sh
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ log "Beam search decoding"
   --method beam_search \
   --beam-size 4 \
   --checkpoint $repo/exp/pretrained.pt \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav \
   $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0001.wav \
   $repo/test_wavs/1221-135766-0002.wav
diff --git a/.github/scripts/run-wenetspeech-pruned-transducer-stateless2.sh b/.github/scripts/run-wenetspeech-pruned-transducer-stateless2.sh
index 90097c752..a3a2d3080 100755
--- a/.github/scripts/run-wenetspeech-pruned-transducer-stateless2.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/run-wenetspeech-pruned-transducer-stateless2.sh
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ git lfs install
 git clone $repo_url
 repo=$(basename $repo_url)
 
-
 log "Display test files"
 tree $repo/
 ls -lh $repo/test_wavs/*.wav
@@ -29,12 +28,11 @@ popd
 
 log "Test exporting to ONNX format"
 
-./pruned_transducer_stateless2/export.py \
+./pruned_transducer_stateless2/export-onnx.py \
   --exp-dir $repo/exp \
   --lang-dir $repo/data/lang_char \
   --epoch 99 \
-  --avg 1 \
-  --onnx 1
+  --avg 1
 
 log "Export to torchscript model"
 
@@ -59,19 +57,17 @@ log "Decode with ONNX models"
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless2/onnx_check.py \
   --jit-filename $repo/exp/cpu_jit.pt \
-  --onnx-encoder-filename $repo/exp/encoder.onnx \
-  --onnx-decoder-filename $repo/exp/decoder.onnx \
-  --onnx-joiner-filename $repo/exp/joiner.onnx \
-  --onnx-joiner-encoder-proj-filename $repo/exp/joiner_encoder_proj.onnx \
-  --onnx-joiner-decoder-proj-filename $repo/exp/joiner_decoder_proj.onnx
+  --onnx-encoder-filename $repo/exp/encoder-epoch-10-avg-2.onnx \
+  --onnx-decoder-filename $repo/exp/decoder-epoch-10-avg-2.onnx \
+  --onnx-joiner-filename $repo/exp/joiner-epoch-10-avg-2.onnx \
+  --onnx-joiner-encoder-proj-filename $repo/exp/joiner_encoder_proj-epoch-10-avg-2.onnx \
+  --onnx-joiner-decoder-proj-filename $repo/exp/joiner_decoder_proj-epoch-10-avg-2.onnx
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless2/onnx_pretrained.py \
   --tokens $repo/data/lang_char/tokens.txt \
-  --encoder-model-filename $repo/exp/encoder.onnx \
-  --decoder-model-filename $repo/exp/decoder.onnx \
-  --joiner-model-filename $repo/exp/joiner.onnx \
-  --joiner-encoder-proj-model-filename $repo/exp/joiner_encoder_proj.onnx \
-  --joiner-decoder-proj-model-filename $repo/exp/joiner_decoder_proj.onnx \
+  --encoder-model-filename $repo/exp/encoder-epoch-99-avg-1.onnx \
+  --decoder-model-filename $repo/exp/decoder-epoch-99-avg-1.onnx \
+  --joiner-model-filename $repo/exp/joiner-epoch-99-avg-1.onnx \
   $repo/test_wavs/DEV_T0000000000.wav \
   $repo/test_wavs/DEV_T0000000001.wav \
   $repo/test_wavs/DEV_T0000000002.wav
@@ -104,9 +100,9 @@ for sym in 1 2 3; do
     --lang-dir $repo/data/lang_char \
     --decoding-method greedy_search \
     --max-sym-per-frame $sym \
-  $repo/test_wavs/DEV_T0000000000.wav \
-  $repo/test_wavs/DEV_T0000000001.wav \
-  $repo/test_wavs/DEV_T0000000002.wav
+    $repo/test_wavs/DEV_T0000000000.wav \
+    $repo/test_wavs/DEV_T0000000001.wav \
+    $repo/test_wavs/DEV_T0000000002.wav
 done
 
 for method in modified_beam_search beam_search fast_beam_search; do
@@ -117,7 +113,7 @@ for method in modified_beam_search beam_search fast_beam_search; do
     --beam-size 4 \
     --checkpoint $repo/exp/epoch-99.pt \
     --lang-dir $repo/data/lang_char \
-  $repo/test_wavs/DEV_T0000000000.wav \
-  $repo/test_wavs/DEV_T0000000001.wav \
-  $repo/test_wavs/DEV_T0000000002.wav
+    $repo/test_wavs/DEV_T0000000000.wav \
+    $repo/test_wavs/DEV_T0000000001.wav \
+    $repo/test_wavs/DEV_T0000000002.wav
 done
diff --git a/.github/scripts/test-ncnn-export.sh b/.github/scripts/test-ncnn-export.sh
index ac16131d0..4073c594a 100755
--- a/.github/scripts/test-ncnn-export.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/test-ncnn-export.sh
@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ GIT_LFS_SKIP_SMUDGE=1 git clone $repo_url
 repo=$(basename $repo_url)
 
 pushd $repo
-git lfs pull --include "data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model"
 git lfs pull --include "exp/pretrained-epoch-30-avg-10-averaged.pt"
 
 cd exp
@@ -56,11 +55,10 @@ log "Export via torch.jit.trace()"
 
 ./conv_emformer_transducer_stateless2/export-for-ncnn.py \
   --exp-dir $repo/exp \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
   --epoch 99 \
   --avg 1 \
   --use-averaged-model 0 \
-  \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --num-encoder-layers 12 \
   --chunk-length 32 \
   --cnn-module-kernel 31 \
@@ -91,7 +89,6 @@ GIT_LFS_SKIP_SMUDGE=1 git clone $repo_url
 repo=$(basename $repo_url)
 
 pushd $repo
-git lfs pull --include "data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model"
 git lfs pull --include "exp/pretrained-iter-468000-avg-16.pt"
 
 cd exp
@@ -102,7 +99,7 @@ log "Export via torch.jit.trace()"
 
 ./lstm_transducer_stateless2/export-for-ncnn.py \
   --exp-dir $repo/exp \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 99 \
   --avg 1 \
   --use-averaged-model 0
@@ -140,7 +137,6 @@ GIT_LFS_SKIP_SMUDGE=1 git clone $repo_url
 repo=$(basename $repo_url)
 
 pushd $repo
-git lfs pull --include "data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model"
 git lfs pull --include "exp/pretrained.pt"
 
 cd exp
@@ -148,7 +144,7 @@ ln -s pretrained.pt epoch-99.pt
 popd
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export-for-ncnn.py \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --exp-dir $repo/exp \
   --use-averaged-model 0 \
   --epoch 99 \
@@ -199,7 +195,7 @@ ln -s pretrained.pt epoch-9999.pt
 popd
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export-for-ncnn-zh.py \
-  --lang-dir $repo/data/lang_char_bpe \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_char_bpe/tokens.txt \
   --exp-dir $repo/exp \
   --use-averaged-model 0 \
   --epoch 9999 \
diff --git a/.github/scripts/test-onnx-export.sh b/.github/scripts/test-onnx-export.sh
index 39467c44a..fcfc11fa6 100755
--- a/.github/scripts/test-onnx-export.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/test-onnx-export.sh
@@ -10,7 +10,123 @@ log() {
 
 cd egs/librispeech/ASR
 
+log "=========================================================================="
+repo_url=https://huggingface.co/Zengwei/icefall-asr-librispeech-zipformer-2023-05-15
+log "Downloading pre-trained model from $repo_url"
+git lfs install
+GIT_LFS_SKIP_SMUDGE=1 git clone $repo_url
+repo=$(basename $repo_url)
 
+pushd $repo
+git lfs pull --include "exp/pretrained.pt"
+cd exp
+ln -s pretrained.pt epoch-99.pt
+popd
+
+log "Export via torch.jit.script()"
+./zipformer/export.py \
+  --exp-dir $repo/exp \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
+  --epoch 99 \
+  --avg 1 \
+  --jit 1
+
+log "Test export to ONNX format"
+./zipformer/export-onnx.py \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
+  --use-averaged-model 0 \
+  --epoch 99 \
+  --avg 1 \
+  --exp-dir $repo/exp \
+  --num-encoder-layers "2,2,3,4,3,2" \
+  --downsampling-factor "1,2,4,8,4,2" \
+  --feedforward-dim "512,768,1024,1536,1024,768" \
+  --num-heads "4,4,4,8,4,4" \
+  --encoder-dim "192,256,384,512,384,256" \
+  --query-head-dim 32 \
+  --value-head-dim 12 \
+  --pos-head-dim 4 \
+  --pos-dim 48 \
+  --encoder-unmasked-dim "192,192,256,256,256,192" \
+  --cnn-module-kernel "31,31,15,15,15,31" \
+  --decoder-dim 512 \
+  --joiner-dim 512 \
+  --causal False \
+  --chunk-size "16,32,64,-1" \
+  --left-context-frames "64,128,256,-1"
+
+ls -lh $repo/exp
+
+log "Run onnx_check.py"
+
+./zipformer/onnx_check.py \
+  --jit-filename $repo/exp/jit_script.pt \
+  --onnx-encoder-filename $repo/exp/encoder-epoch-99-avg-1.onnx \
+  --onnx-decoder-filename $repo/exp/decoder-epoch-99-avg-1.onnx \
+  --onnx-joiner-filename $repo/exp/joiner-epoch-99-avg-1.onnx
+
+log "Run onnx_pretrained.py"
+
+./zipformer/onnx_pretrained.py \
+  --encoder-model-filename $repo/exp/encoder-epoch-99-avg-1.onnx \
+  --decoder-model-filename $repo/exp/decoder-epoch-99-avg-1.onnx \
+  --joiner-model-filename $repo/exp/joiner-epoch-99-avg-1.onnx \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
+  $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav
+
+rm -rf $repo
+
+repo_url=https://huggingface.co/Zengwei/icefall-asr-librispeech-streaming-zipformer-2023-05-17
+log "Downloading pre-trained model from $repo_url"
+git lfs install
+GIT_LFS_SKIP_SMUDGE=1 git clone $repo_url
+repo=$(basename $repo_url)
+
+pushd $repo
+git lfs pull --include "exp/pretrained.pt"
+
+cd exp
+ln -s pretrained.pt epoch-99.pt
+popd
+
+log "Test export streaming model to ONNX format"
+./zipformer/export-onnx-streaming.py \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
+  --use-averaged-model 0 \
+  --epoch 99 \
+  --avg 1 \
+  --exp-dir $repo/exp \
+  --num-encoder-layers "2,2,3,4,3,2" \
+  --downsampling-factor "1,2,4,8,4,2" \
+  --feedforward-dim "512,768,1024,1536,1024,768" \
+  --num-heads "4,4,4,8,4,4" \
+  --encoder-dim "192,256,384,512,384,256" \
+  --query-head-dim 32 \
+  --value-head-dim 12 \
+  --pos-head-dim 4 \
+  --pos-dim 48 \
+  --encoder-unmasked-dim "192,192,256,256,256,192" \
+  --cnn-module-kernel "31,31,15,15,15,31" \
+  --decoder-dim 512 \
+  --joiner-dim 512 \
+  --causal True \
+  --chunk-size 16 \
+  --left-context-frames 64
+
+ls -lh $repo/exp
+
+log "Run onnx_pretrained-streaming.py"
+
+./zipformer/onnx_pretrained-streaming.py \
+  --encoder-model-filename $repo/exp/encoder-epoch-99-avg-1-chunk-16-left-64.onnx \
+  --decoder-model-filename $repo/exp/decoder-epoch-99-avg-1-chunk-16-left-64.onnx \
+  --joiner-model-filename $repo/exp/joiner-epoch-99-avg-1-chunk-16-left-64.onnx \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
+  $repo/test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav
+
+rm -rf $repo
+
+log "--------------------------------------------------------------------------"
 
 log "=========================================================================="
 repo_url=https://huggingface.co/Zengwei/icefall-asr-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless7-streaming-2022-12-29
@@ -39,7 +155,7 @@ log "Export via torch.jit.trace()"
 log "Test exporting to ONNX format"
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export-onnx.py \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --use-averaged-model 0 \
   --epoch 99 \
   --avg 1 \
@@ -88,7 +204,7 @@ popd
 log "Export via torch.jit.script()"
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless3/export.py \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 9999 \
   --avg 1 \
   --exp-dir $repo/exp/ \
@@ -97,7 +213,7 @@ log "Export via torch.jit.script()"
 log "Test exporting to ONNX format"
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless3/export-onnx.py \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 9999 \
   --avg 1 \
   --exp-dir $repo/exp/
@@ -126,7 +242,6 @@ log "Run onnx_pretrained.py"
 rm -rf $repo
 log "--------------------------------------------------------------------------"
 
-
 log "=========================================================================="
 repo_url=https://huggingface.co/csukuangfj/icefall-asr-librispeech-pruned-transducer-stateless5-2022-05-13
 GIT_LFS_SKIP_SMUDGE=1 git clone $repo_url
@@ -143,7 +258,7 @@ popd
 log "Export via torch.jit.script()"
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless5/export.py \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 99 \
   --avg 1 \
   --use-averaged-model 0 \
@@ -159,7 +274,7 @@ log "Export via torch.jit.script()"
 log "Test exporting to ONNX format"
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless5/export-onnx.py \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 99 \
   --avg 1 \
   --use-averaged-model 0 \
@@ -205,7 +320,6 @@ GIT_LFS_SKIP_SMUDGE=1 git clone $repo_url
 repo=$(basename $repo_url)
 
 pushd $repo
-git lfs pull --include "data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model"
 git lfs pull --include "exp/pretrained.pt"
 
 cd exp
@@ -215,7 +329,7 @@ popd
 log "Export via torch.jit.script()"
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7/export.py \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --use-averaged-model 0 \
   --epoch 99 \
   --avg 1 \
@@ -226,7 +340,7 @@ log "Export via torch.jit.script()"
 log "Test exporting to ONNX format"
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7/export-onnx.py \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --use-averaged-model 0 \
   --epoch 99 \
   --avg 1 \
@@ -270,7 +384,7 @@ popd
 log "Test exporting to ONNX format"
 
 ./conv_emformer_transducer_stateless2/export-onnx.py \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --use-averaged-model 0 \
   --epoch 99 \
   --avg 1 \
@@ -310,7 +424,7 @@ popd
 log "Export via torch.jit.trace()"
 
 ./lstm_transducer_stateless2/export.py \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --use-averaged-model 0 \
   --epoch 99 \
   --avg 1 \
@@ -320,7 +434,7 @@ log "Export via torch.jit.trace()"
 log "Test exporting to ONNX format"
 
 ./lstm_transducer_stateless2/export-onnx.py \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --use-averaged-model 0 \
   --epoch 99 \
   --avg 1 \
diff --git a/egs/aishell/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7/export.py b/egs/aishell/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7/export.py
deleted file mode 100755
index 1b0e8d3b9..000000000
--- a/egs/aishell/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7/export.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,321 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-#
-# Copyright 2021 Xiaomi Corporation (Author: Fangjun Kuang)
-#
-# See ../../../../LICENSE for clarification regarding multiple authors
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-# This script converts several saved checkpoints
-# to a single one using model averaging.
-"""
-
-Usage:
-
-(1) Export to torchscript model using torch.jit.script()
-
-./pruned_transducer_stateless7/export.py \
-  --exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless7/exp \
-  --lang-dir data/lang_char \
-  --epoch 30 \
-  --avg 9 \
-  --jit 1
-
-It will generate a file `cpu_jit.pt` in the given `exp_dir`. You can later
-load it by `torch.jit.load("cpu_jit.pt")`.
-
-Note `cpu` in the name `cpu_jit.pt` means the parameters when loaded into Python
-are on CPU. You can use `to("cuda")` to move them to a CUDA device.
-
-Check
-https://github.com/k2-fsa/sherpa
-for how to use the exported models outside of icefall.
-
-(2) Export `model.state_dict()`
-
-./pruned_transducer_stateless7/export.py \
-  --exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless7/exp \
-  --lang-dir data/lang_char \
-  --epoch 20 \
-  --avg 10
-
-It will generate a file `pretrained.pt` in the given `exp_dir`. You can later
-load it by `icefall.checkpoint.load_checkpoint()`.
-
-To use the generated file with `pruned_transducer_stateless7/decode.py`,
-you can do:
-
-    cd /path/to/exp_dir
-    ln -s pretrained.pt epoch-9999.pt
-
-    cd /path/to/egs/librispeech/ASR
-    ./pruned_transducer_stateless7/decode.py \
-        --exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless7/exp \
-        --epoch 9999 \
-        --avg 1 \
-        --max-duration 600 \
-        --decoding-method greedy_search \
-        --lang-dir data/lang_char
-
-Check ./pretrained.py for its usage.
-
-Note: If you don't want to train a model from scratch, we have
-provided one for you. You can get it at
-
-https://huggingface.co/marcoyang/icefall-asr-aishell-zipformer-pruned-transducer-stateless7-2023-03-21
-
-with the following commands:
-
-    sudo apt-get install git-lfs
-    git lfs install
-    git clone https://huggingface.co/marcoyang/icefall-asr-aishell-zipformer-pruned-transducer-stateless7-2023-03-21
-    # You will find the pre-trained model in icefall-asr-aishell-zipformer-pruned-transducer-stateless7-2023-03-21exp
-"""
-
-import argparse
-import logging
-from pathlib import Path
-
-import sentencepiece as spm
-import torch
-import torch.nn as nn
-from scaling_converter import convert_scaled_to_non_scaled
-from train2 import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
-
-from icefall.checkpoint import (
-    average_checkpoints,
-    average_checkpoints_with_averaged_model,
-    find_checkpoints,
-    load_checkpoint,
-)
-from icefall.lexicon import Lexicon
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
-
-
-def get_parser():
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
-        formatter_class=argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter
-    )
-
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--epoch",
-        type=int,
-        default=30,
-        help="""It specifies the checkpoint to use for decoding.
-        Note: Epoch counts from 1.
-        You can specify --avg to use more checkpoints for model averaging.""",
-    )
-
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--iter",
-        type=int,
-        default=0,
-        help="""If positive, --epoch is ignored and it
-        will use the checkpoint exp_dir/checkpoint-iter.pt.
-        You can specify --avg to use more checkpoints for model averaging.
-        """,
-    )
-
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--avg",
-        type=int,
-        default=9,
-        help="Number of checkpoints to average. Automatically select "
-        "consecutive checkpoints before the checkpoint specified by "
-        "'--epoch' and '--iter'",
-    )
-
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--use-averaged-model",
-        type=str2bool,
-        default=True,
-        help="Whether to load averaged model. Currently it only supports "
-        "using --epoch. If True, it would decode with the averaged model "
-        "over the epoch range from `epoch-avg` (excluded) to `epoch`."
-        "Actually only the models with epoch number of `epoch-avg` and "
-        "`epoch` are loaded for averaging. ",
-    )
-
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--exp-dir",
-        type=str,
-        default="pruned_transducer_stateless7/exp",
-        help="""It specifies the directory where all training related
-        files, e.g., checkpoints, log, etc, are saved
-        """,
-    )
-
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--lang-dir",
-        type=str,
-        default="data/lang_char",
-        help="""The lang dir
-        It contains language related input files such as
-        "lexicon.txt"
-        """,
-    )
-
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--jit",
-        type=str2bool,
-        default=False,
-        help="""True to save a model after applying torch.jit.script.
-        It will generate a file named cpu_jit.pt
-
-        Check ./jit_pretrained.py for how to use it.
-        """,
-    )
-
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--context-size",
-        type=int,
-        default=1,
-        help="The context size in the decoder. 1 means bigram; 2 means tri-gram",
-    )
-
-    add_model_arguments(parser)
-
-    return parser
-
-
-@torch.no_grad()
-def main():
-    args = get_parser().parse_args()
-    args.exp_dir = Path(args.exp_dir)
-
-    params = get_params()
-    params.update(vars(args))
-
-    device = torch.device("cpu")
-    if torch.cuda.is_available():
-        device = torch.device("cuda", 0)
-
-    logging.info(f"device: {device}")
-
-    lexicon = Lexicon(params.lang_dir)
-    params.blank_id = 0
-    params.vocab_size = max(lexicon.tokens) + 1
-
-    logging.info(params)
-
-    logging.info("About to create model")
-    model = get_transducer_model(params)
-
-    model.to(device)
-
-    if not params.use_averaged_model:
-        if params.iter > 0:
-            filenames = find_checkpoints(params.exp_dir, iteration=-params.iter)[
-                : params.avg
-            ]
-            if len(filenames) == 0:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    f"No checkpoints found for"
-                    f" --iter {params.iter}, --avg {params.avg}"
-                )
-            elif len(filenames) < params.avg:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    f"Not enough checkpoints ({len(filenames)}) found for"
-                    f" --iter {params.iter}, --avg {params.avg}"
-                )
-            logging.info(f"averaging {filenames}")
-            model.to(device)
-            model.load_state_dict(average_checkpoints(filenames, device=device))
-        elif params.avg == 1:
-            load_checkpoint(f"{params.exp_dir}/epoch-{params.epoch}.pt", model)
-        else:
-            start = params.epoch - params.avg + 1
-            filenames = []
-            for i in range(start, params.epoch + 1):
-                if i >= 1:
-                    filenames.append(f"{params.exp_dir}/epoch-{i}.pt")
-            logging.info(f"averaging {filenames}")
-            model.to(device)
-            model.load_state_dict(average_checkpoints(filenames, device=device))
-    else:
-        if params.iter > 0:
-            filenames = find_checkpoints(params.exp_dir, iteration=-params.iter)[
-                : params.avg + 1
-            ]
-            if len(filenames) == 0:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    f"No checkpoints found for"
-                    f" --iter {params.iter}, --avg {params.avg}"
-                )
-            elif len(filenames) < params.avg + 1:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    f"Not enough checkpoints ({len(filenames)}) found for"
-                    f" --iter {params.iter}, --avg {params.avg}"
-                )
-            filename_start = filenames[-1]
-            filename_end = filenames[0]
-            logging.info(
-                "Calculating the averaged model over iteration checkpoints"
-                f" from {filename_start} (excluded) to {filename_end}"
-            )
-            model.to(device)
-            model.load_state_dict(
-                average_checkpoints_with_averaged_model(
-                    filename_start=filename_start,
-                    filename_end=filename_end,
-                    device=device,
-                )
-            )
-        else:
-            assert params.avg > 0, params.avg
-            start = params.epoch - params.avg
-            assert start >= 1, start
-            filename_start = f"{params.exp_dir}/epoch-{start}.pt"
-            filename_end = f"{params.exp_dir}/epoch-{params.epoch}.pt"
-            logging.info(
-                f"Calculating the averaged model over epoch range from "
-                f"{start} (excluded) to {params.epoch}"
-            )
-            model.to(device)
-            model.load_state_dict(
-                average_checkpoints_with_averaged_model(
-                    filename_start=filename_start,
-                    filename_end=filename_end,
-                    device=device,
-                )
-            )
-
-    model.to("cpu")
-    model.eval()
-
-    if params.jit is True:
-        convert_scaled_to_non_scaled(model, inplace=True)
-        # We won't use the forward() method of the model in C++, so just ignore
-        # it here.
-        # Otherwise, one of its arguments is a ragged tensor and is not
-        # torch scriptabe.
-        model.__class__.forward = torch.jit.ignore(model.__class__.forward)
-        logging.info("Using torch.jit.script")
-        model = torch.jit.script(model)
-        filename = params.exp_dir / "cpu_jit.pt"
-        model.save(str(filename))
-        logging.info(f"Saved to {filename}")
-    else:
-        logging.info("Not using torchscript. Export model.state_dict()")
-        # Save it using a format so that it can be loaded
-        # by :func:`load_checkpoint`
-        filename = params.exp_dir / "pretrained.pt"
-        torch.save({"model": model.state_dict()}, str(filename))
-        logging.info(f"Saved to {filename}")
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    formatter = "%(asctime)s %(levelname)s [%(filename)s:%(lineno)d] %(message)s"
-
-    logging.basicConfig(format=formatter, level=logging.INFO)
-    main()
diff --git a/egs/aishell/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7/export.py b/egs/aishell/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7/export.py
new file mode 120000
index 000000000..2713792e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/egs/aishell/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7/export.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../../librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7/export.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/egs/aishell/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7/pretrained.py b/egs/aishell/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7/pretrained.py
deleted file mode 100644
index cc54027d6..000000000
--- a/egs/aishell/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7/pretrained.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,348 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-# Copyright      2021  Xiaomi Corp.        (authors: Fangjun Kuang)
-#
-# See ../../../../LICENSE for clarification regarding multiple authors
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-"""
-This script loads a checkpoint and uses it to decode waves.
-You can generate the checkpoint with the following command:
-
-./pruned_transducer_stateless7/export.py \
-  --exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless7/exp \
-  --lang-dir data/lang_char \
-  --epoch 20 \
-  --avg 10
-
-Usage of this script:
-
-(1) greedy search
-./pruned_transducer_stateless7/pretrained.py \
-    --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless7/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --lang-dir ./data/lang_char \
-    --method greedy_search \
-    /path/to/foo.wav \
-    /path/to/bar.wav
-
-(2) beam search
-./pruned_transducer_stateless7/pretrained.py \
-    --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless7/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --lang-dir ./data/lang_char \
-    --method beam_search \
-    --beam-size 4 \
-    /path/to/foo.wav \
-    /path/to/bar.wav
-
-(3) modified beam search
-./pruned_transducer_stateless7/pretrained.py \
-    --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless7/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --lang-dir ./data/lang_char \
-    --method modified_beam_search \
-    --beam-size 4 \
-    /path/to/foo.wav \
-    /path/to/bar.wav
-
-(4) fast beam search
-./pruned_transducer_stateless7/pretrained.py \
-    --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless7/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --lang-dir ./data/lang_char \
-    --method fast_beam_search \
-    --beam-size 4 \
-    /path/to/foo.wav \
-    /path/to/bar.wav
-
-You can also use `./pruned_transducer_stateless7/exp/epoch-xx.pt`.
-
-Note: ./pruned_transducer_stateless7/exp/pretrained.pt is generated by
-./pruned_transducer_stateless7/export.py
-"""
-
-
-import argparse
-import logging
-import math
-from typing import List
-
-import k2
-import kaldifeat
-import sentencepiece as spm
-import torch
-import torchaudio
-from beam_search import (
-    beam_search,
-    fast_beam_search_one_best,
-    greedy_search,
-    greedy_search_batch,
-    modified_beam_search,
-)
-from torch.nn.utils.rnn import pad_sequence
-from train import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
-
-from icefall.lexicon import Lexicon
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
-
-
-def get_parser():
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
-        formatter_class=argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter
-    )
-
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--checkpoint",
-        type=str,
-        required=True,
-        help="Path to the checkpoint. "
-        "The checkpoint is assumed to be saved by "
-        "icefall.checkpoint.save_checkpoint().",
-    )
-
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--lang-dir",
-        type=str,
-        help="""The lang dir
-        It contains language related input files such as
-        "lexicon.txt"
-        """,
-    )
-
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--method",
-        type=str,
-        default="greedy_search",
-        help="""Possible values are:
-          - greedy_search
-          - beam_search
-          - modified_beam_search
-          - fast_beam_search
-        """,
-    )
-
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "sound_files",
-        type=str,
-        nargs="+",
-        help="The input sound file(s) to transcribe. "
-        "Supported formats are those supported by torchaudio.load(). "
-        "For example, wav and flac are supported. "
-        "The sample rate has to be 16kHz.",
-    )
-
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--sample-rate",
-        type=int,
-        default=16000,
-        help="The sample rate of the input sound file",
-    )
-
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--beam-size",
-        type=int,
-        default=4,
-        help="""An integer indicating how many candidates we will keep for each
-        frame. Used only when --method is beam_search or
-        modified_beam_search.""",
-    )
-
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--beam",
-        type=float,
-        default=4,
-        help="""A floating point value to calculate the cutoff score during beam
-        search (i.e., `cutoff = max-score - beam`), which is the same as the
-        `beam` in Kaldi.
-        Used only when --method is fast_beam_search""",
-    )
-
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--max-contexts",
-        type=int,
-        default=4,
-        help="""Used only when --method is fast_beam_search""",
-    )
-
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--max-states",
-        type=int,
-        default=8,
-        help="""Used only when --method is fast_beam_search""",
-    )
-
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--context-size",
-        type=int,
-        default=1,
-        help="The context size in the decoder. 1 means bigram; 2 means tri-gram",
-    )
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--max-sym-per-frame",
-        type=int,
-        default=1,
-        help="""Maximum number of symbols per frame. Used only when
-        --method is greedy_search.
-        """,
-    )
-
-    add_model_arguments(parser)
-
-    return parser
-
-
-def read_sound_files(
-    filenames: List[str], expected_sample_rate: float
-) -> List[torch.Tensor]:
-    """Read a list of sound files into a list 1-D float32 torch tensors.
-    Args:
-      filenames:
-        A list of sound filenames.
-      expected_sample_rate:
-        The expected sample rate of the sound files.
-    Returns:
-      Return a list of 1-D float32 torch tensors.
-    """
-    ans = []
-    for f in filenames:
-        wave, sample_rate = torchaudio.load(f)
-        assert (
-            sample_rate == expected_sample_rate
-        ), f"expected sample rate: {expected_sample_rate}. Given: {sample_rate}"
-        # We use only the first channel
-        ans.append(wave[0])
-    return ans
-
-
-@torch.no_grad()
-def main():
-    parser = get_parser()
-    args = parser.parse_args()
-
-    params = get_params()
-
-    params.update(vars(args))
-
-    lexicon = Lexicon(params.lang_dir)
-    params.blank_id = 0
-    params.vocab_size = max(lexicon.tokens) + 1
-    token_table = lexicon.token_table
-
-    logging.info(f"{params}")
-
-    device = torch.device("cpu")
-    if torch.cuda.is_available():
-        device = torch.device("cuda", 0)
-
-    logging.info(f"device: {device}")
-
-    logging.info("Creating model")
-    model = get_transducer_model(params)
-
-    num_param = sum([p.numel() for p in model.parameters()])
-    logging.info(f"Number of model parameters: {num_param}")
-
-    checkpoint = torch.load(args.checkpoint, map_location="cpu")
-    model.load_state_dict(checkpoint["model"], strict=False)
-    model.to(device)
-    model.eval()
-    model.device = device
-
-    logging.info("Constructing Fbank computer")
-    opts = kaldifeat.FbankOptions()
-    opts.device = device
-    opts.frame_opts.dither = 0
-    opts.frame_opts.snip_edges = False
-    opts.frame_opts.samp_freq = params.sample_rate
-    opts.mel_opts.num_bins = params.feature_dim
-
-    fbank = kaldifeat.Fbank(opts)
-
-    logging.info(f"Reading sound files: {params.sound_files}")
-    waves = read_sound_files(
-        filenames=params.sound_files, expected_sample_rate=params.sample_rate
-    )
-    waves = [w.to(device) for w in waves]
-
-    logging.info("Decoding started")
-    features = fbank(waves)
-    feature_lengths = [f.size(0) for f in features]
-
-    features = pad_sequence(features, batch_first=True, padding_value=math.log(1e-10))
-
-    feature_lengths = torch.tensor(feature_lengths, device=device)
-
-    encoder_out, encoder_out_lens = model.encoder(x=features, x_lens=feature_lengths)
-
-    num_waves = encoder_out.size(0)
-    hyps = []
-    msg = f"Using {params.method}"
-    if params.method == "beam_search":
-        msg += f" with beam size {params.beam_size}"
-    logging.info(msg)
-
-    if params.method == "fast_beam_search":
-        decoding_graph = k2.trivial_graph(params.vocab_size - 1, device=device)
-        hyp_tokens = fast_beam_search_one_best(
-            model=model,
-            decoding_graph=decoding_graph,
-            encoder_out=encoder_out,
-            encoder_out_lens=encoder_out_lens,
-            beam=params.beam,
-            max_contexts=params.max_contexts,
-            max_states=params.max_states,
-        )
-    elif params.method == "modified_beam_search":
-        hyp_tokens = modified_beam_search(
-            model=model,
-            encoder_out=encoder_out,
-            encoder_out_lens=encoder_out_lens,
-            beam=params.beam_size,
-        )
-    elif params.method == "greedy_search" and params.max_sym_per_frame == 1:
-        hyp_tokens = greedy_search_batch(
-            model=model,
-            encoder_out=encoder_out,
-            encoder_out_lens=encoder_out_lens,
-        )
-    else:
-        for i in range(num_waves):
-            # fmt: off
-            encoder_out_i = encoder_out[i:i+1, :encoder_out_lens[i]]
-            # fmt: on
-            if params.method == "greedy_search":
-                hyp_tokens = greedy_search(
-                    model=model,
-                    encoder_out=encoder_out_i,
-                    max_sym_per_frame=params.max_sym_per_frame,
-                )
-            elif params.method == "beam_search":
-                hyp_tokens = beam_search(
-                    model=model,
-                    encoder_out=encoder_out_i,
-                    beam=params.beam_size,
-                )
-            else:
-                raise ValueError(f"Unsupported method: {params.method}")
-
-    hyps = [[token_table[t] for t in tokens] for tokens in hyp_tokens]
-    s = "\n"
-    for filename, hyp in zip(params.sound_files, hyps):
-        words = " ".join(hyp)
-        s += f"{filename}:\n{words}\n\n"
-    logging.info(s)
-
-    logging.info("Decoding Done")
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    formatter = "%(asctime)s %(levelname)s [%(filename)s:%(lineno)d] %(message)s"
-
-    logging.basicConfig(format=formatter, level=logging.INFO)
-    main()
diff --git a/egs/aishell/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7/pretrained.py b/egs/aishell/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7/pretrained.py
new file mode 120000
index 000000000..068f0f57f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/egs/aishell/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7/pretrained.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../../librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7/pretrained.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/conformer_ctc/export.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/conformer_ctc/export.py
index fbcbd7b29..f0bb97560 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/conformer_ctc/export.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/conformer_ctc/export.py
@@ -23,12 +23,13 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
+import k2
 import torch
 from conformer import Conformer
 
 from icefall.checkpoint import average_checkpoints, load_checkpoint
 from icefall.lexicon import Lexicon
-from icefall.utils import AttributeDict, str2bool
+from icefall.utils import AttributeDict, num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -63,11 +64,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--lang-dir",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500",
-        help="""It contains language related input files such as "lexicon.txt"
-        """,
+        required=True,
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -98,16 +98,16 @@ def get_params() -> AttributeDict:
 def main():
     args = get_parser().parse_args()
     args.exp_dir = Path(args.exp_dir)
-    args.lang_dir = Path(args.lang_dir)
 
     params = get_params()
     params.update(vars(args))
 
     logging.info(params)
 
-    lexicon = Lexicon(params.lang_dir)
-    max_token_id = max(lexicon.tokens)
-    num_classes = max_token_id + 1  # +1 for the blank
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
+
+    num_classes = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for the blank
 
     device = torch.device("cpu")
     if torch.cuda.is_available():
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/conformer_ctc/pretrained.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/conformer_ctc/pretrained.py
index 30def9c40..df3e4d819 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/conformer_ctc/pretrained.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/conformer_ctc/pretrained.py
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ from typing import List
 
 import k2
 import kaldifeat
-import sentencepiece as spm
 import torch
 import torchaudio
 from conformer import Conformer
@@ -70,11 +69,9 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        help="""Path to bpe.model.
-        Used only when method is ctc-decoding.
-        """,
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -83,10 +80,9 @@ def get_parser():
         default="1best",
         help="""Decoding method.
         Possible values are:
-        (0) ctc-decoding - Use CTC decoding. It uses a sentence
-            piece model, i.e., lang_dir/bpe.model, to convert
-            word pieces to words. It needs neither a lexicon
-            nor an n-gram LM.
+        (0) ctc-decoding - Use CTC decoding. It uses a tokens.txt file 
+            to convert tokens to actual words or characters. It needs 
+            neither a lexicon nor an n-gram LM.
         (1) 1best - Use the best path as decoding output. Only
             the transformer encoder output is used for decoding.
             We call it HLG decoding.
@@ -297,6 +293,7 @@ def main():
     waves = [w.to(device) for w in waves]
 
     logging.info("Decoding started")
+    hyps = []
     features = fbank(waves)
 
     features = pad_sequence(features, batch_first=True, padding_value=math.log(1e-10))
@@ -313,10 +310,17 @@ def main():
 
     if params.method == "ctc-decoding":
         logging.info("Use CTC decoding")
-        bpe_model = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-        bpe_model.load(params.bpe_model)
         max_token_id = params.num_classes - 1
 
+        # Load tokens.txt here
+        token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
+
+        def token_ids_to_words(token_ids: List[int]) -> str:
+            text = ""
+            for i in token_ids:
+                text += token_table[i]
+            return text.replace("▁", " ").strip()
+
         H = k2.ctc_topo(
             max_token=max_token_id,
             modified=params.num_classes > 500,
@@ -337,9 +341,9 @@ def main():
         best_path = one_best_decoding(
             lattice=lattice, use_double_scores=params.use_double_scores
         )
-        token_ids = get_texts(best_path)
-        hyps = bpe_model.decode(token_ids)
-        hyps = [s.split() for s in hyps]
+        hyp_tokens = get_texts(best_path)
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     elif params.method in [
         "1best",
         "whole-lattice-rescoring",
@@ -408,16 +412,16 @@ def main():
             )
             best_path = next(iter(best_path_dict.values()))
 
-        hyps = get_texts(best_path)
         word_sym_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.words_file)
-        hyps = [[word_sym_table[i] for i in ids] for ids in hyps]
+        hyp_tokens = get_texts(best_path)
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(" ".join([word_sym_table[i] for i in hyp]))
     else:
         raise ValueError(f"Unsupported decoding method: {params.method}")
 
     s = "\n"
     for filename, hyp in zip(params.sound_files, hyps):
-        words = " ".join(hyp)
-        s += f"{filename}:\n{words}\n\n"
+        s += f"{filename}:\n{hyp}\n\n"
     logging.info(s)
 
     logging.info("Decoding Done")
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/conformer_ctc2/export.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/conformer_ctc2/export.py
index 7892b03c6..26a95dbfa 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/conformer_ctc2/export.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/conformer_ctc2/export.py
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 Usage:
 ./conformer_ctc2/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./conformer_ctc2/exp \
+  --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 20 \
   --avg 10
 
@@ -46,6 +47,7 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
+import k2
 import torch
 from conformer import Conformer
 from decode import get_params
@@ -56,8 +58,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.lexicon import Lexicon
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -123,10 +124,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--lang-dir",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500",
-        help="The lang dir",
+        required=True,
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -143,14 +144,14 @@ def get_parser():
 def main():
     args = get_parser().parse_args()
     args.exp_dir = Path(args.exp_dir)
-    args.lang_dir = Path(args.lang_dir)
 
     params = get_params()
     params.update(vars(args))
 
-    lexicon = Lexicon(params.lang_dir)
-    max_token_id = max(lexicon.tokens)
-    num_classes = max_token_id + 1  # +1 for the blank
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
+
+    num_classes = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for the blank
 
     device = torch.device("cpu")
     if torch.cuda.is_available():
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/conformer_ctc3/export.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/conformer_ctc3/export.py
index c5b95d981..5cb9b4b6d 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/conformer_ctc3/export.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/conformer_ctc3/export.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Usage:
 
 ./conformer_ctc3/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./conformer_ctc3/exp \
-  --lang-dir data/lang_bpe_500 \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 20 \
   --avg 10 \
   --jit-trace 1
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ It will generates the file: `jit_trace.pt`.
 
 ./conformer_ctc3/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./conformer_ctc3/exp \
-  --lang-dir data/lang_bpe_500 \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 20 \
   --avg 10
 
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
+import k2
 import torch
 from scaling_converter import convert_scaled_to_non_scaled
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_ctc_model, get_params
@@ -72,8 +73,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.lexicon import Lexicon
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -130,10 +130,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--lang-dir",
-        type=Path,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500",
-        help="The lang dir containing word table and LG graph",
+        "--tokens",
+        type=str,
+        required=True,
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -171,9 +171,10 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    lexicon = Lexicon(params.lang_dir)
-    max_token_id = max(lexicon.tokens)
-    num_classes = max_token_id + 1  # +1 for the blank
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
+
+    num_classes = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for the blank
     params.vocab_size = num_classes
 
     if params.streaming_model:
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/conformer_ctc3/pretrained.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/conformer_ctc3/pretrained.py
index 880945ea0..c37b99cce 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/conformer_ctc3/pretrained.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/conformer_ctc3/pretrained.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Usage (for non-streaming mode):
 (1) ctc-decoding
 ./conformer_ctc3/pretrained.py \
   --checkpoint conformer_ctc3/exp/pretrained.pt \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --method ctc-decoding \
   --sample-rate 16000 \
   test_wavs/1089-134686-0001.wav
@@ -67,7 +67,6 @@ from typing import List
 
 import k2
 import kaldifeat
-import sentencepiece as spm
 import torch
 import torchaudio
 from decode import get_decoding_params
@@ -114,11 +113,9 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        help="""Path to bpe.model.
-        Used only when method is ctc-decoding.
-        """,
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -127,10 +124,9 @@ def get_parser():
         default="1best",
         help="""Decoding method.
         Possible values are:
-        (0) ctc-decoding - Use CTC decoding. It uses a sentence
-            piece model, i.e., lang_dir/bpe.model, to convert
-            word pieces to words. It needs neither a lexicon
-            nor an n-gram LM.
+        (0) ctc-decoding - Use CTC decoding. It uses a tokens.txt file 
+            to convert tokens to actual words or characters. It needs 
+            neither a lexicon nor an n-gram LM.
         (1) 1best - Use the best path as decoding output. Only
             the transformer encoder output is used for decoding.
             We call it HLG decoding.
@@ -316,6 +312,7 @@ def main():
     waves = [w.to(device) for w in waves]
 
     logging.info("Decoding started")
+    hyps = []
     features = fbank(waves)
     feature_lengths = [f.size(0) for f in features]
 
@@ -348,10 +345,17 @@ def main():
 
     if params.method == "ctc-decoding":
         logging.info("Use CTC decoding")
-        bpe_model = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-        bpe_model.load(params.bpe_model)
         max_token_id = params.num_classes - 1
 
+        # Load tokens.txt here
+        token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
+
+        def token_ids_to_words(token_ids: List[int]) -> str:
+            text = ""
+            for i in token_ids:
+                text += token_table[i]
+            return text.replace("▁", " ").strip()
+
         H = k2.ctc_topo(
             max_token=max_token_id,
             modified=False,
@@ -372,9 +376,9 @@ def main():
         best_path = one_best_decoding(
             lattice=lattice, use_double_scores=params.use_double_scores
         )
-        token_ids = get_texts(best_path)
-        hyps = bpe_model.decode(token_ids)
-        hyps = [s.split() for s in hyps]
+        hyp_tokens = get_texts(best_path)
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     elif params.method in [
         "1best",
         "nbest-rescoring",
@@ -439,16 +443,16 @@ def main():
             )
             best_path = next(iter(best_path_dict.values()))
 
-        hyps = get_texts(best_path)
         word_sym_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.words_file)
-        hyps = [[word_sym_table[i] for i in ids] for ids in hyps]
+        hyp_tokens = get_texts(best_path)
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(" ".join([word_sym_table[i] for i in hyp]))
     else:
         raise ValueError(f"Unsupported decoding method: {params.method}")
 
     s = "\n"
     for filename, hyp in zip(params.sound_files, hyps):
-        words = " ".join(hyp)
-        s += f"{filename}:\n{words}\n\n"
+        s += f"{filename}:\n{hyp}\n\n"
     logging.info(s)
 
     logging.info("Decoding Done")
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/conv_emformer_transducer_stateless/export.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/conv_emformer_transducer_stateless/export.py
index 09a3e96b0..67fcc35a4 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/conv_emformer_transducer_stateless/export.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/conv_emformer_transducer_stateless/export.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 Usage:
 ./conv_emformer_transducer_stateless/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./conv_emformer_transducer_stateless/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 30 \
   --avg 10 \
   --use-averaged-model=True \
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import sentencepiece as spm
+import k2
 import torch
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
 
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -118,10 +118,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        required=True,
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -166,12 +166,12 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
-    # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/conv_emformer_transducer_stateless2/export-for-ncnn.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/conv_emformer_transducer_stateless2/export-for-ncnn.py
index 8fbb02f14..85dbd4661 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/conv_emformer_transducer_stateless2/export-for-ncnn.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/conv_emformer_transducer_stateless2/export-for-ncnn.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ for more details about how to use this file.
 Usage:
 ./conv_emformer_transducer_stateless2/export-for-ncnn.py \
   --exp-dir ./conv_emformer_transducer_stateless2/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 30 \
   --avg 10 \
   --use-averaged-model=True \
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import sentencepiece as spm
+import k2
 import torch
 from scaling_converter import convert_scaled_to_non_scaled
 from train2 import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.utils import setup_logger, str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, setup_logger, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -94,10 +94,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        required=True,
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -217,12 +217,12 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
-    # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/conv_emformer_transducer_stateless2/export-onnx.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/conv_emformer_transducer_stateless2/export-onnx.py
index ad0b45bd9..cfd365207 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/conv_emformer_transducer_stateless2/export-onnx.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/conv_emformer_transducer_stateless2/export-onnx.py
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ GIT_LFS_SKIP_SMUDGE=1 git clone $repo_url
 repo=$(basename $repo_url)
 
 pushd $repo
-git lfs pull --include "data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model"
 git lfs pull --include "exp/pretrained-epoch-30-avg-10-averaged.pt"
 
 cd exp
@@ -28,7 +27,7 @@ popd
 2. Export the model to ONNX
 
 ./conv_emformer_transducer_stateless2/export-onnx.py \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --use-averaged-model 0 \
   --epoch 99 \
   --avg 1 \
@@ -55,14 +54,14 @@ import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Dict, Tuple
 
+import k2
 import onnx
-import sentencepiece as spm
 import torch
 import torch.nn as nn
 from decoder import Decoder
+from emformer import Emformer
 from scaling_converter import convert_scaled_to_non_scaled
 from train2 import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
-from emformer import Emformer
 
 from icefall.checkpoint import (
     average_checkpoints,
@@ -70,7 +69,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.utils import setup_logger, str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, setup_logger, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -127,10 +126,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        required=True,
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -484,12 +483,12 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
-    # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/conv_emformer_transducer_stateless2/export.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/conv_emformer_transducer_stateless2/export.py
index b53426c75..8e5b14903 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/conv_emformer_transducer_stateless2/export.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/conv_emformer_transducer_stateless2/export.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 Usage:
 ./conv_emformer_transducer_stateless2/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./conv_emformer_transducer_stateless2/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 30 \
   --avg 10 \
   --use-averaged-model=True \
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import sentencepiece as spm
+import k2
 import torch
 from scaling_converter import convert_scaled_to_non_scaled
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -119,10 +119,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        required=True,
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -167,12 +167,12 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
-    # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/conv_emformer_transducer_stateless2/onnx_pretrained.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/conv_emformer_transducer_stateless2/onnx_pretrained.py
index db92ac696..5d7e2dfcd 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/conv_emformer_transducer_stateless2/onnx_pretrained.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/conv_emformer_transducer_stateless2/onnx_pretrained.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ popd
 2. Export the model to ONNX
 
 ./conv_emformer_transducer_stateless2/export-onnx.py \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --use-averaged-model 0 \
   --epoch 99 \
   --avg 1 \
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless/export.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless/export.py
index e338342cc..c007220d5 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless/export.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless/export.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Usage:
 
 ./lstm_transducer_stateless/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./lstm_transducer_stateless/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 35 \
   --avg 10 \
   --jit-trace 1
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ It will generate 3 files: `encoder_jit_trace.pt`,
 
 ./lstm_transducer_stateless/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./lstm_transducer_stateless/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 35 \
   --avg 10
 
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import sentencepiece as spm
+import k2
 import torch
 import torch.nn as nn
 from scaling_converter import convert_scaled_to_non_scaled
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -148,10 +148,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        default="data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -266,12 +266,13 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
-    # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size, <blk> is
+    # defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless/pretrained.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless/pretrained.py
index b3a34a9e3..119fcf1fd 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless/pretrained.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless/pretrained.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Usage:
 (1) greedy search
 ./lstm_transducer_stateless/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./lstm_transducer_stateless/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method greedy_search \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
     /path/to/bar.wav
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Usage:
 (2) beam search
 ./lstm_transducer_stateless/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./lstm_transducer_stateless/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Usage:
 (3) modified beam search
 ./lstm_transducer_stateless/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./lstm_transducer_stateless/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method modified_beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Usage:
 (4) fast beam search
 ./lstm_transducer_stateless/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./lstm_transducer_stateless/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method fast_beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -66,7 +66,6 @@ from typing import List
 
 import k2
 import kaldifeat
-import sentencepiece as spm
 import torch
 import torchaudio
 from beam_search import (
@@ -79,6 +78,8 @@ from beam_search import (
 from torch.nn.utils.rnn import pad_sequence
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
 
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens
+
 
 def get_parser():
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
@@ -95,9 +96,9 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        help="""Path to bpe.model.""",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -214,13 +215,14 @@ def main():
 
     params.update(vars(args))
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.unk_id = sp.piece_to_id("<unk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(f"{params}")
 
@@ -275,6 +277,12 @@ def main():
         msg += f" with beam size {params.beam_size}"
     logging.info(msg)
 
+    def token_ids_to_words(token_ids: List[int]) -> str:
+        text = ""
+        for i in token_ids:
+            text += token_table[i]
+        return text.replace("▁", " ").strip()
+
     if params.method == "fast_beam_search":
         decoding_graph = k2.trivial_graph(params.vocab_size - 1, device=device)
         hyp_tokens = fast_beam_search_one_best(
@@ -286,8 +294,8 @@ def main():
             max_contexts=params.max_contexts,
             max_states=params.max_states,
         )
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     elif params.method == "modified_beam_search":
         hyp_tokens = modified_beam_search(
             model=model,
@@ -296,16 +304,16 @@ def main():
             beam=params.beam_size,
         )
 
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     elif params.method == "greedy_search" and params.max_sym_per_frame == 1:
         hyp_tokens = greedy_search_batch(
             model=model,
             encoder_out=encoder_out,
             encoder_out_lens=encoder_out_lens,
         )
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     else:
         for i in range(num_waves):
             # fmt: off
@@ -326,12 +334,11 @@ def main():
             else:
                 raise ValueError(f"Unsupported method: {params.method}")
 
-            hyps.append(sp.decode(hyp).split())
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
 
     s = "\n"
     for filename, hyp in zip(params.sound_files, hyps):
-        words = " ".join(hyp)
-        s += f"{filename}:\n{words}\n\n"
+        s += f"{filename}:\n{hyp}\n\n"
     logging.info(s)
 
     logging.info("Decoding Done")
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless2/export-for-ncnn.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless2/export-for-ncnn.py
index 08bfcb204..2b8c92208 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless2/export-for-ncnn.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless2/export-for-ncnn.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ popd
 
 ./lstm_transducer_stateless2/export-for-ncnn.py \
   --exp-dir $repo/exp \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 99 \
   --avg 1 \
   --use-averaged-model 0 \
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import sentencepiece as spm
+import k2
 import torch
 from scaling_converter import convert_scaled_to_non_scaled
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.utils import setup_logger, str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, setup_logger, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -106,10 +106,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        default="data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -221,12 +221,13 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
-    # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size, <blk> is
+    # defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless2/export-onnx-zh.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless2/export-onnx-zh.py
index f068f6a0f..89ced388c 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless2/export-onnx-zh.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless2/export-onnx-zh.py
@@ -613,7 +613,7 @@ def main():
     quantize_dynamic(
         model_input=decoder_filename,
         model_output=decoder_filename_int8,
-        op_types_to_quantize=["MatMul"],
+        op_types_to_quantize=["MatMul", "Gather"],
         weight_type=QuantType.QInt8,
     )
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless2/export-onnx.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless2/export-onnx.py
index acaff8540..6b6cb893f 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless2/export-onnx.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless2/export-onnx.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ popd
 2. Export the model to ONNX
 
 ./lstm_transducer_stateless2/export-onnx.py \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --use-averaged-model 0 \
   --epoch 99 \
   --avg 1 \
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Dict, Optional, Tuple
 
+import k2
 import onnx
-import sentencepiece as spm
 import torch
 import torch.nn as nn
 from decoder import Decoder
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.utils import setup_logger, str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, setup_logger, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -125,10 +125,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        default="data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -437,12 +437,13 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
-    # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size, <blk> is
+    # defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
@@ -607,7 +608,7 @@ def main():
     quantize_dynamic(
         model_input=decoder_filename,
         model_output=decoder_filename_int8,
-        op_types_to_quantize=["MatMul"],
+        op_types_to_quantize=["MatMul", "Gather"],
         weight_type=QuantType.QInt8,
     )
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless2/export.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless2/export.py
index 0adc68112..5712da25e 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless2/export.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless2/export.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Usage:
 
 ./lstm_transducer_stateless2/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./lstm_transducer_stateless2/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 35 \
   --avg 10 \
   --jit-trace 1
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ It will generate 3 files: `encoder_jit_trace.pt`,
 
 ./lstm_transducer_stateless2/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./lstm_transducer_stateless2/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 35 \
   --avg 10
 
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import sentencepiece as spm
+import k2
 import torch
 import torch.nn as nn
 from scaling_converter import convert_scaled_to_non_scaled
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -149,10 +149,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        default="data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -267,12 +267,13 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
-    # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size, <blk> is
+    # defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless2/pretrained.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless2/pretrained.py
index f3f272b9f..5d6d97320 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless2/pretrained.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless2/pretrained.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Usage:
 (1) greedy search
 ./lstm_transducer_stateless2/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./lstm_transducer_stateless2/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method greedy_search \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
     /path/to/bar.wav
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Usage:
 (2) beam search
 ./lstm_transducer_stateless2/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./lstm_transducer_stateless2/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Usage:
 (3) modified beam search
 ./lstm_transducer_stateless2/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./lstm_transducer_stateless2/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method modified_beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Usage:
 (4) fast beam search
 ./lstm_transducer_stateless2/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./lstm_transducer_stateless2/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method fast_beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -69,7 +69,6 @@ from typing import List
 
 import k2
 import kaldifeat
-import sentencepiece as spm
 import torch
 import torchaudio
 from beam_search import (
@@ -82,6 +81,8 @@ from beam_search import (
 from torch.nn.utils.rnn import pad_sequence
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
 
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens
+
 
 def get_parser():
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
@@ -98,9 +99,9 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        help="""Path to bpe.model.""",
+        help="""Path to tokens.txt.""",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -217,13 +218,14 @@ def main():
 
     params.update(vars(args))
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.unk_id = sp.piece_to_id("<unk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(f"{params}")
 
@@ -278,6 +280,12 @@ def main():
         msg += f" with beam size {params.beam_size}"
     logging.info(msg)
 
+    def token_ids_to_words(token_ids: List[int]) -> str:
+        text = ""
+        for i in token_ids:
+            text += token_table[i]
+        return text.replace("▁", " ").strip()
+
     if params.method == "fast_beam_search":
         decoding_graph = k2.trivial_graph(params.vocab_size - 1, device=device)
         hyp_tokens = fast_beam_search_one_best(
@@ -289,8 +297,8 @@ def main():
             max_contexts=params.max_contexts,
             max_states=params.max_states,
         )
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     elif params.method == "modified_beam_search":
         hyp_tokens = modified_beam_search(
             model=model,
@@ -299,16 +307,16 @@ def main():
             beam=params.beam_size,
         )
 
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     elif params.method == "greedy_search" and params.max_sym_per_frame == 1:
         hyp_tokens = greedy_search_batch(
             model=model,
             encoder_out=encoder_out,
             encoder_out_lens=encoder_out_lens,
         )
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     else:
         for i in range(num_waves):
             # fmt: off
@@ -329,12 +337,11 @@ def main():
             else:
                 raise ValueError(f"Unsupported method: {params.method}")
 
-            hyps.append(sp.decode(hyp).split())
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
 
     s = "\n"
     for filename, hyp in zip(params.sound_files, hyps):
-        words = " ".join(hyp)
-        s += f"{filename}:\n{words}\n\n"
+        s += f"{filename}:\n{hyp}\n\n"
     logging.info(s)
 
     logging.info("Decoding Done")
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless3/export.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless3/export.py
index a82cad043..21eaa049b 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless3/export.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless3/export.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Usage:
 
 ./lstm_transducer_stateless3/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./lstm_transducer_stateless3/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 40 \
   --avg 20 \
   --jit-trace 1
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ It will generate 3 files: `encoder_jit_trace.pt`,
 
 ./lstm_transducer_stateless3/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./lstm_transducer_stateless3/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 40 \
   --avg 20
 
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import sentencepiece as spm
+import k2
 import torch
 import torch.nn as nn
 from scaling_converter import convert_scaled_to_non_scaled
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -148,10 +148,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        default="data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt",
+        help="Path to tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -266,12 +266,13 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
-    # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size, <blk> is
+    # defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless3/pretrained.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless3/pretrained.py
index f49e9c518..29a0d4d1a 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless3/pretrained.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/lstm_transducer_stateless3/pretrained.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Usage:
 (1) greedy search
 ./lstm_transducer_stateless3/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./lstm_transducer_stateless3/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method greedy_search \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
     /path/to/bar.wav
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Usage:
 (2) beam search
 ./lstm_transducer_stateless3/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./lstm_transducer_stateless3/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Usage:
 (3) modified beam search
 ./lstm_transducer_stateless3/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./lstm_transducer_stateless3/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method modified_beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -79,6 +79,8 @@ from beam_search import (
 from torch.nn.utils.rnn import pad_sequence
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
 
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens
+
 
 def get_parser():
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
@@ -95,9 +97,9 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        help="""Path to bpe.model.""",
+        help="""Path to tokens.txt.""",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -214,13 +216,14 @@ def main():
 
     params.update(vars(args))
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.unk_id = sp.piece_to_id("<unk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(f"{params}")
 
@@ -275,6 +278,12 @@ def main():
         msg += f" with beam size {params.beam_size}"
     logging.info(msg)
 
+    def token_ids_to_words(token_ids: List[int]) -> str:
+        text = ""
+        for i in token_ids:
+            text += token_table[i]
+        return text.replace("▁", " ").strip()
+
     if params.method == "fast_beam_search":
         decoding_graph = k2.trivial_graph(params.vocab_size - 1, device=device)
         hyp_tokens = fast_beam_search_one_best(
@@ -286,8 +295,8 @@ def main():
             max_contexts=params.max_contexts,
             max_states=params.max_states,
         )
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     elif params.method == "modified_beam_search":
         hyp_tokens = modified_beam_search(
             model=model,
@@ -296,16 +305,16 @@ def main():
             beam=params.beam_size,
         )
 
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     elif params.method == "greedy_search" and params.max_sym_per_frame == 1:
         hyp_tokens = greedy_search_batch(
             model=model,
             encoder_out=encoder_out,
             encoder_out_lens=encoder_out_lens,
         )
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     else:
         for i in range(num_waves):
             # fmt: off
@@ -326,12 +335,11 @@ def main():
             else:
                 raise ValueError(f"Unsupported method: {params.method}")
 
-            hyps.append(sp.decode(hyp).split())
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
 
     s = "\n"
     for filename, hyp in zip(params.sound_files, hyps):
-        words = " ".join(hyp)
-        s += f"{filename}:\n{words}\n\n"
+        s += f"{filename}:\n{hyp}\n\n"
     logging.info(s)
 
     logging.info("Decoding Done")
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_stateless_emformer_rnnt2/export.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_stateless_emformer_rnnt2/export.py
index 3612a2bfd..ec2c9d580 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_stateless_emformer_rnnt2/export.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_stateless_emformer_rnnt2/export.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 Usage:
 ./prunted_stateless_emformer_rnnt/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./prunted_stateless_emformer_rnnt/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 20 \
   --avg 10
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import sentencepiece as spm
+import k2
 import torch
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
 
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -115,10 +115,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        default="data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -154,13 +154,12 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
-    # <blk> and <unk> are defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.unk_id = sp.piece_to_id("<unk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless/export-onnx.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless/export-onnx.py
index a3ebe9d8c..282238c13 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless/export-onnx.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless/export-onnx.py
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ def main():
     quantize_dynamic(
         model_input=decoder_filename,
         model_output=decoder_filename_int8,
-        op_types_to_quantize=["MatMul"],
+        op_types_to_quantize=["MatMul", "Gather"],
         weight_type=QuantType.QInt8,
     )
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless/export.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless/export.py
index a19f9ab9a..4b20e3a2b 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless/export.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless/export.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 Usage:
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 20 \
   --avg 10
 
@@ -47,12 +47,12 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import sentencepiece as spm
+import k2
 import torch
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
 
 from icefall.checkpoint import average_checkpoints, load_checkpoint
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -87,10 +87,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        default="data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -135,13 +135,13 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
-    # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.unk_id = sp.piece_to_id("<unk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size, <blk> is
+    # defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     if params.streaming_model:
         assert params.causal_convolution
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless/pretrained.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless/pretrained.py
index 2ed1725b4..02f9f1b03 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless/pretrained.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless/pretrained.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Usage:
 (1) greedy search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method greedy_search \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
     /path/to/bar.wav
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Usage:
 (2) beam search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Usage:
 (3) modified beam search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method modified_beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Usage:
 (4) fast beam search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method fast_beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -66,7 +66,6 @@ from typing import List
 
 import k2
 import kaldifeat
-import sentencepiece as spm
 import torch
 import torchaudio
 from beam_search import (
@@ -79,7 +78,7 @@ from beam_search import (
 from torch.nn.utils.rnn import pad_sequence
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
 
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -97,9 +96,9 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        help="""Path to bpe.model.""",
+        help="""Path to tokens.txt.""",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -237,13 +236,14 @@ def main():
 
     params.update(vars(args))
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.unk_id = sp.piece_to_id("<unk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     if params.simulate_streaming:
         assert (
@@ -314,6 +314,12 @@ def main():
         msg += f" with beam size {params.beam_size}"
     logging.info(msg)
 
+    def token_ids_to_words(token_ids: List[int]) -> str:
+        text = ""
+        for i in token_ids:
+            text += token_table[i]
+        return text.replace("▁", " ").strip()
+
     if params.method == "fast_beam_search":
         decoding_graph = k2.trivial_graph(params.vocab_size - 1, device=device)
         hyp_tokens = fast_beam_search_one_best(
@@ -325,8 +331,8 @@ def main():
             max_contexts=params.max_contexts,
             max_states=params.max_states,
         )
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     elif params.method == "modified_beam_search":
         hyp_tokens = modified_beam_search(
             model=model,
@@ -335,16 +341,16 @@ def main():
             beam=params.beam_size,
         )
 
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     elif params.method == "greedy_search" and params.max_sym_per_frame == 1:
         hyp_tokens = greedy_search_batch(
             model=model,
             encoder_out=encoder_out,
             encoder_out_lens=encoder_out_lens,
         )
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     else:
         for i in range(num_waves):
             # fmt: off
@@ -365,12 +371,11 @@ def main():
             else:
                 raise ValueError(f"Unsupported method: {params.method}")
 
-            hyps.append(sp.decode(hyp).split())
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
 
     s = "\n"
     for filename, hyp in zip(params.sound_files, hyps):
-        words = " ".join(hyp)
-        s += f"{filename}:\n{words}\n\n"
+        s += f"{filename}:\n{hyp}\n\n"
     logging.info(s)
 
     logging.info("Decoding Done")
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless2/export.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless2/export.py
index 984caf5f2..e02afa892 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless2/export.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless2/export.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 Usage:
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless2/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless2/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 20 \
   --avg 10
 
@@ -47,12 +47,12 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import sentencepiece as spm
+import k2
 import torch
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
 
 from icefall.checkpoint import average_checkpoints, find_checkpoints, load_checkpoint
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -98,10 +98,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        default="data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -145,12 +145,14 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     if params.streaming_model:
         assert params.causal_convolution
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless2/pretrained.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless2/pretrained.py
index 013964720..029f55ba0 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless2/pretrained.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless2/pretrained.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Usage:
 (1) greedy search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless2/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless2/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method greedy_search \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
     /path/to/bar.wav
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Usage:
 (2) beam search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless2/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless2/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Usage:
 (3) modified beam search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless2/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless2/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method modified_beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Usage:
 (4) fast beam search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless2/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless2/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method fast_beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -66,7 +66,6 @@ from typing import List
 
 import k2
 import kaldifeat
-import sentencepiece as spm
 import torch
 import torchaudio
 from beam_search import (
@@ -79,7 +78,7 @@ from beam_search import (
 from torch.nn.utils.rnn import pad_sequence
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
 
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -97,9 +96,9 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        help="""Path to bpe.model.""",
+        help="""Path to tokens.txt.""",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -238,13 +237,14 @@ def main():
 
     params.update(vars(args))
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.unk_id = sp.piece_to_id("<unk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     if params.simulate_streaming:
         assert (
@@ -315,6 +315,12 @@ def main():
         msg += f" with beam size {params.beam_size}"
     logging.info(msg)
 
+    def token_ids_to_words(token_ids: List[int]) -> str:
+        text = ""
+        for i in token_ids:
+            text += token_table[i]
+        return text.replace("▁", " ").strip()
+
     if params.method == "fast_beam_search":
         decoding_graph = k2.trivial_graph(params.vocab_size - 1, device=device)
         hyp_tokens = fast_beam_search_one_best(
@@ -326,8 +332,8 @@ def main():
             max_contexts=params.max_contexts,
             max_states=params.max_states,
         )
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     elif params.method == "modified_beam_search":
         hyp_tokens = modified_beam_search(
             model=model,
@@ -336,16 +342,16 @@ def main():
             beam=params.beam_size,
         )
 
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     elif params.method == "greedy_search" and params.max_sym_per_frame == 1:
         hyp_tokens = greedy_search_batch(
             model=model,
             encoder_out=encoder_out,
             encoder_out_lens=encoder_out_lens,
         )
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     else:
         for i in range(num_waves):
             # fmt: off
@@ -366,12 +372,11 @@ def main():
             else:
                 raise ValueError(f"Unsupported method: {params.method}")
 
-            hyps.append(sp.decode(hyp).split())
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
 
     s = "\n"
     for filename, hyp in zip(params.sound_files, hyps):
-        words = " ".join(hyp)
-        s += f"{filename}:\n{words}\n\n"
+        s += f"{filename}:\n{hyp}\n\n"
     logging.info(s)
 
     logging.info("Decoding Done")
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless3/export-onnx.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless3/export-onnx.py
index 9645b7801..26dea7e11 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless3/export-onnx.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless3/export-onnx.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ popd
 2. Export the model to ONNX
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless3/export-onnx.py \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 9999 \
   --avg 1 \
   --exp-dir $repo/exp/
@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Dict, Tuple
 
+import k2
 import onnx
-import sentencepiece as spm
 import torch
 import torch.nn as nn
 from conformer import Conformer
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ from scaling_converter import convert_scaled_to_non_scaled
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
 
 from icefall.checkpoint import average_checkpoints, find_checkpoints, load_checkpoint
-from icefall.utils import setup_logger
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, setup_logger
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -105,10 +105,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        default="data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -393,12 +393,14 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
@@ -518,7 +520,7 @@ def main():
     quantize_dynamic(
         model_input=decoder_filename,
         model_output=decoder_filename_int8,
-        op_types_to_quantize=["MatMul"],
+        op_types_to_quantize=["MatMul", "Gather"],
         weight_type=QuantType.QInt8,
     )
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless3/export.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless3/export.py
index f30c9df6a..925b15646 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless3/export.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless3/export.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Usage:
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless3/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless3/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 20 \
   --avg 10 \
   --jit 1
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ It will also generate 3 other files: `encoder_jit_script.pt`,
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless3/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless3/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 20 \
   --avg 10 \
   --jit-trace 1
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ It will generates 3 files: `encoder_jit_trace.pt`,
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless3/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless3/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 20 \
   --avg 10
 
@@ -97,14 +97,14 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import sentencepiece as spm
+import k2
 import torch
 import torch.nn as nn
 from scaling_converter import convert_scaled_to_non_scaled
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
 
 from icefall.checkpoint import average_checkpoints, find_checkpoints, load_checkpoint
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -150,10 +150,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        default="data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -342,12 +342,14 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     if params.streaming_model:
         assert params.causal_convolution
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless3/pretrained.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless3/pretrained.py
index 7c3dfc660..abda4e2d4 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless3/pretrained.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless3/pretrained.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ You can generate the checkpoint with the following command:
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless3/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless3/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 20 \
   --avg 10
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Usage of this script:
 (1) greedy search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless3/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless3/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method greedy_search \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
     /path/to/bar.wav
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Usage of this script:
 (2) beam search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless3/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless3/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Usage of this script:
 (3) modified beam search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless3/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless3/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method modified_beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ Usage of this script:
 (4) fast beam search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless3/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless3/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method fast_beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -75,7 +75,6 @@ from typing import List
 
 import k2
 import kaldifeat
-import sentencepiece as spm
 import torch
 import torchaudio
 from beam_search import (
@@ -88,7 +87,7 @@ from beam_search import (
 from torch.nn.utils.rnn import pad_sequence
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
 
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -106,9 +105,9 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        help="""Path to bpe.model.""",
+        help="""Path to tokens.txt.""",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -247,13 +246,14 @@ def main():
 
     params.update(vars(args))
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.unk_id = sp.piece_to_id("<unk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     if params.simulate_streaming:
         assert (
@@ -324,6 +324,12 @@ def main():
         msg += f" with beam size {params.beam_size}"
     logging.info(msg)
 
+    def token_ids_to_words(token_ids: List[int]) -> str:
+        text = ""
+        for i in token_ids:
+            text += token_table[i]
+        return text.replace("▁", " ").strip()
+
     if params.method == "fast_beam_search":
         decoding_graph = k2.trivial_graph(params.vocab_size - 1, device=device)
         hyp_tokens = fast_beam_search_one_best(
@@ -335,8 +341,8 @@ def main():
             max_contexts=params.max_contexts,
             max_states=params.max_states,
         )
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     elif params.method == "modified_beam_search":
         hyp_tokens = modified_beam_search(
             model=model,
@@ -345,16 +351,16 @@ def main():
             beam=params.beam_size,
         )
 
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     elif params.method == "greedy_search" and params.max_sym_per_frame == 1:
         hyp_tokens = greedy_search_batch(
             model=model,
             encoder_out=encoder_out,
             encoder_out_lens=encoder_out_lens,
         )
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     else:
         for i in range(num_waves):
             # fmt: off
@@ -375,12 +381,11 @@ def main():
             else:
                 raise ValueError(f"Unsupported method: {params.method}")
 
-            hyps.append(sp.decode(hyp).split())
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
 
     s = "\n"
     for filename, hyp in zip(params.sound_files, hyps):
-        words = " ".join(hyp)
-        s += f"{filename}:\n{words}\n\n"
+        s += f"{filename}:\n{hyp}\n\n"
     logging.info(s)
 
     logging.info("Decoding Done")
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless4/export.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless4/export.py
index 8f33f5b05..08d736f52 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless4/export.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless4/export.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 Usage:
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless4/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless4/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 20 \
   --avg 10
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import sentencepiece as spm
+import k2
 import torch
 from scaling_converter import convert_scaled_to_non_scaled
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -116,10 +116,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        default="data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -164,12 +164,14 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     if params.streaming_model:
         assert params.causal_convolution
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless5/export-onnx-streaming.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless5/export-onnx-streaming.py
index 938ff2f16..549fb13c9 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless5/export-onnx-streaming.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless5/export-onnx-streaming.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ popd
 2. Export the model to ONNX
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless5/export-onnx-streaming.py \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 99 \
   --avg 1 \
   --use-averaged-model 0 \
@@ -58,13 +58,13 @@ import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Dict, Tuple
 
+import k2
 import onnx
-import sentencepiece as spm
 import torch
 import torch.nn as nn
 from conformer import Conformer
-from onnxruntime.quantization import QuantType, quantize_dynamic
 from decoder import Decoder
+from onnxruntime.quantization import QuantType, quantize_dynamic
 from scaling_converter import convert_scaled_to_non_scaled
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
 
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.utils import setup_logger, str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, setup_logger, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -131,10 +131,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        default="data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -489,12 +489,14 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
@@ -662,7 +664,7 @@ def main():
     quantize_dynamic(
         model_input=decoder_filename,
         model_output=decoder_filename_int8,
-        op_types_to_quantize=["MatMul"],
+        op_types_to_quantize=["MatMul", "Gather"],
         weight_type=QuantType.QInt8,
     )
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless5/export-onnx.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless5/export-onnx.py
index 20fd8dff8..fff0fcdd5 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless5/export-onnx.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless5/export-onnx.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ popd
 2. Export the model to ONNX
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless5/export-onnx.py \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 99 \
   --avg 1 \
   --use-averaged-model 0 \
@@ -55,13 +55,13 @@ import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Dict, Tuple
 
+import k2
 import onnx
-import sentencepiece as spm
 import torch
 import torch.nn as nn
 from conformer import Conformer
-from onnxruntime.quantization import QuantType, quantize_dynamic
 from decoder import Decoder
+from onnxruntime.quantization import QuantType, quantize_dynamic
 from scaling_converter import convert_scaled_to_non_scaled
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
 
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.utils import setup_logger, str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, setup_logger, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -128,10 +128,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        default="data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -416,12 +416,14 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
@@ -586,7 +588,7 @@ def main():
     quantize_dynamic(
         model_input=decoder_filename,
         model_output=decoder_filename_int8,
-        op_types_to_quantize=["MatMul"],
+        op_types_to_quantize=["MatMul", "Gather"],
         weight_type=QuantType.QInt8,
     )
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless5/export.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless5/export.py
index 54f656859..e5223be26 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless5/export.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless5/export.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 Usage:
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless5/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless5/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 20 \
   --avg 10
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import sentencepiece as spm
+import k2
 import torch
 from scaling_converter import convert_scaled_to_non_scaled
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -116,10 +116,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        default="data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -164,12 +164,14 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     if params.streaming_model:
         assert params.causal_convolution
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless5/pretrained.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless5/pretrained.py
index 74a2210c3..304fa8693 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless5/pretrained.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless5/pretrained.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Usage:
 (1) greedy search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless5/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless5/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method greedy_search \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
     /path/to/bar.wav
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Usage:
 (2) beam search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless5/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless5/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Usage:
 (3) modified beam search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless5/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless5/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method modified_beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Usage:
 (4) fast beam search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless5/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless5/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method fast_beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -66,7 +66,6 @@ from typing import List
 
 import k2
 import kaldifeat
-import sentencepiece as spm
 import torch
 import torchaudio
 from beam_search import (
@@ -79,6 +78,8 @@ from beam_search import (
 from torch.nn.utils.rnn import pad_sequence
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
 
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens
+
 
 def get_parser():
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
@@ -95,9 +96,9 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        help="""Path to bpe.model.""",
+        help="""Path to tokens.txt.""",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -214,13 +215,14 @@ def main():
 
     params.update(vars(args))
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.unk_id = sp.piece_to_id("<unk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(f"{params}")
 
@@ -275,6 +277,12 @@ def main():
         msg += f" with beam size {params.beam_size}"
     logging.info(msg)
 
+    def token_ids_to_words(token_ids: List[int]) -> str:
+        text = ""
+        for i in token_ids:
+            text += token_table[i]
+        return text.replace("▁", " ").strip()
+
     if params.method == "fast_beam_search":
         decoding_graph = k2.trivial_graph(params.vocab_size - 1, device=device)
         hyp_tokens = fast_beam_search_one_best(
@@ -286,8 +294,8 @@ def main():
             max_contexts=params.max_contexts,
             max_states=params.max_states,
         )
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     elif params.method == "modified_beam_search":
         hyp_tokens = modified_beam_search(
             model=model,
@@ -296,16 +304,16 @@ def main():
             beam=params.beam_size,
         )
 
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     elif params.method == "greedy_search" and params.max_sym_per_frame == 1:
         hyp_tokens = greedy_search_batch(
             model=model,
             encoder_out=encoder_out,
             encoder_out_lens=encoder_out_lens,
         )
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     else:
         for i in range(num_waves):
             # fmt: off
@@ -326,12 +334,11 @@ def main():
             else:
                 raise ValueError(f"Unsupported method: {params.method}")
 
-            hyps.append(sp.decode(hyp).split())
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
 
     s = "\n"
     for filename, hyp in zip(params.sound_files, hyps):
-        words = " ".join(hyp)
-        s += f"{filename}:\n{words}\n\n"
+        s += f"{filename}:\n{hyp}\n\n"
     logging.info(s)
 
     logging.info("Decoding Done")
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless6/export.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless6/export.py
index 4d0d8326c..38f48b2ed 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless6/export.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless6/export.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 Usage:
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless6/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless6/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 20 \
   --avg 10
 
@@ -47,12 +47,12 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import sentencepiece as spm
+import k2
 import torch
 from train import get_params, get_transducer_model
 
 from icefall.checkpoint import average_checkpoints, find_checkpoints, load_checkpoint
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -98,10 +98,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        default="data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -135,12 +135,14 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7/export-onnx.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7/export-onnx.py
index d2db92820..11c885f4d 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7/export-onnx.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7/export-onnx.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 #
-# Copyright 2023 Xiaomi Corporation (Author: Fangjun Kuang)
+# Copyright 2023 Xiaomi Corporation (Author: Fangjun Kuang
+#                                            Zengrui Jin)
 
 """
 This script exports a transducer model from PyTorch to ONNX.
@@ -18,7 +19,6 @@ GIT_LFS_SKIP_SMUDGE=1 git clone $repo_url
 repo=$(basename $repo_url)
 
 pushd $repo
-git lfs pull --include "data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model"
 git lfs pull --include "exp/pretrained-epoch-30-avg-9.pt"
 
 cd exp
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ popd
 2. Export the model to ONNX
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7/export-onnx.py \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --use-averaged-model 0 \
   --epoch 99 \
   --avg 1 \
@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Dict, Tuple
 
+import k2
 import onnx
-import sentencepiece as spm
 import torch
 import torch.nn as nn
 from decoder import Decoder
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.utils import setup_logger, str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, setup_logger, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -123,10 +123,9 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -411,12 +410,12 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
-    # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
@@ -581,7 +580,7 @@ def main():
     quantize_dynamic(
         model_input=decoder_filename,
         model_output=decoder_filename_int8,
-        op_types_to_quantize=["MatMul"],
+        op_types_to_quantize=["MatMul", "Gather"],
         weight_type=QuantType.QInt8,
     )
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7/export.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7/export.py
index 3e3160e7e..eb4c4d282 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7/export.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7/export.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 #
-# Copyright 2021 Xiaomi Corporation (Author: Fangjun Kuang)
+# Copyright 2021 Xiaomi Corporation (Author: Fangjun Kuang
+#                                            Zengrui Jin)
 #
 # See ../../../../LICENSE for clarification regarding multiple authors
 #
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ Usage:
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless7/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 30 \
   --avg 9 \
   --jit 1
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ for how to use the exported models outside of icefall.
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless7/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 20 \
   --avg 10
 
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ you can do:
         --avg 1 \
         --max-duration 600 \
         --decoding-method greedy_search \
-        --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model
+        --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
 
 Check ./pretrained.py for its usage.
 
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import sentencepiece as spm
+import k2
 import torch
 import torch.nn as nn
 from scaling_converter import convert_scaled_to_non_scaled
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -155,10 +156,9 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -198,12 +198,12 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
-    # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ def main():
     model.to("cpu")
     model.eval()
 
-    if params.jit is True:
+    if params.jit:
         convert_scaled_to_non_scaled(model, inplace=True)
         # We won't use the forward() method of the model in C++, so just ignore
         # it here.
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7/pretrained.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7/pretrained.py
index d05bafcfb..86c922cda 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7/pretrained.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7/pretrained.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# Copyright      2021  Xiaomi Corp.        (authors: Fangjun Kuang)
+# Copyright      2021  Xiaomi Corp.        (authors: Fangjun Kuang
+#                                                    Zengrui Jin)
 #
 # See ../../../../LICENSE for clarification regarding multiple authors
 #
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@ You can generate the checkpoint with the following command:
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless7/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 20 \
   --avg 10
 
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ Usage of this script:
 (1) greedy search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless7/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method greedy_search \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
     /path/to/bar.wav
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ Usage of this script:
 (2) beam search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless7/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ Usage of this script:
 (3) modified beam search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless7/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method modified_beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ Usage of this script:
 (4) fast beam search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless7/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens ./data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method fast_beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -75,7 +76,6 @@ from typing import List
 
 import k2
 import kaldifeat
-import sentencepiece as spm
 import torch
 import torchaudio
 from beam_search import (
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ from beam_search import (
 from torch.nn.utils.rnn import pad_sequence
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
 
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -106,9 +106,9 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        help="""Path to bpe.model.""",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -225,13 +225,13 @@ def main():
 
     params.update(vars(args))
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
-    # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.unk_id = sp.piece_to_id("<unk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(f"{params}")
 
@@ -286,6 +286,12 @@ def main():
         msg += f" with beam size {params.beam_size}"
     logging.info(msg)
 
+    def token_ids_to_words(token_ids: List[int]) -> str:
+        text = ""
+        for i in token_ids:
+            text += token_table[i]
+        return text.replace("▁", " ").strip()
+
     if params.method == "fast_beam_search":
         decoding_graph = k2.trivial_graph(params.vocab_size - 1, device=device)
         hyp_tokens = fast_beam_search_one_best(
@@ -297,8 +303,8 @@ def main():
             max_contexts=params.max_contexts,
             max_states=params.max_states,
         )
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     elif params.method == "modified_beam_search":
         hyp_tokens = modified_beam_search(
             model=model,
@@ -307,16 +313,16 @@ def main():
             beam=params.beam_size,
         )
 
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     elif params.method == "greedy_search" and params.max_sym_per_frame == 1:
         hyp_tokens = greedy_search_batch(
             model=model,
             encoder_out=encoder_out,
             encoder_out_lens=encoder_out_lens,
         )
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     else:
         for i in range(num_waves):
             # fmt: off
@@ -337,12 +343,11 @@ def main():
             else:
                 raise ValueError(f"Unsupported method: {params.method}")
 
-            hyps.append(sp.decode(hyp).split())
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
 
     s = "\n"
     for filename, hyp in zip(params.sound_files, hyps):
-        words = " ".join(hyp)
-        s += f"{filename}:\n{words}\n\n"
+        s += f"{filename}:\n{hyp}\n\n"
     logging.info(s)
 
     logging.info("Decoding Done")
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/export.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/export.py
index c1607699f..51e62d6a8 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/export.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/export.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Usage:
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 30 \
   --avg 9 \
   --jit 1
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ for how to use the exported models outside of icefall.
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 20 \
   --avg 10
 
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import sentencepiece as spm
+import k2
 import torch
 from scaling_converter import convert_scaled_to_non_scaled
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -154,10 +154,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        default="data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -197,12 +197,14 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/pretrained.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/pretrained.py
index 2f1b1a49f..78e0fa778 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/pretrained.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/pretrained.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ You can generate the checkpoint with the following command:
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 20 \
   --avg 10
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Usage of this script:
 (1) greedy search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method greedy_search \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
     /path/to/bar.wav
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Usage of this script:
 (2) beam search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Usage of this script:
 (3) modified beam search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method modified_beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ Usage of this script:
 (4) fast beam search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method fast_beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -75,7 +75,6 @@ from typing import List
 
 import k2
 import kaldifeat
-import sentencepiece as spm
 import torch
 import torchaudio
 from beam_search import (
@@ -88,6 +87,8 @@ from beam_search import (
 from torch.nn.utils.rnn import pad_sequence
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
 
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens
+
 
 def get_parser():
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
@@ -104,9 +105,9 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        help="""Path to bpe.model.""",
+        help="""Path to tokens.txt.""",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -223,13 +224,14 @@ def main():
 
     params.update(vars(args))
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.unk_id = sp.piece_to_id("<unk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(f"{params}")
 
@@ -284,6 +286,12 @@ def main():
         msg += f" with beam size {params.beam_size}"
     logging.info(msg)
 
+    def token_ids_to_words(token_ids: List[int]) -> str:
+        text = ""
+        for i in token_ids:
+            text += token_table[i]
+        return text.replace("▁", " ").strip()
+
     if params.method == "fast_beam_search":
         decoding_graph = k2.trivial_graph(params.vocab_size - 1, device=device)
         hyp_tokens = fast_beam_search_one_best(
@@ -295,8 +303,8 @@ def main():
             max_contexts=params.max_contexts,
             max_states=params.max_states,
         )
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     elif params.method == "modified_beam_search":
         hyp_tokens = modified_beam_search(
             model=model,
@@ -305,16 +313,16 @@ def main():
             beam=params.beam_size,
         )
 
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     elif params.method == "greedy_search" and params.max_sym_per_frame == 1:
         hyp_tokens = greedy_search_batch(
             model=model,
             encoder_out=encoder_out,
             encoder_out_lens=encoder_out_lens,
         )
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     else:
         for i in range(num_waves):
             # fmt: off
@@ -335,12 +343,11 @@ def main():
             else:
                 raise ValueError(f"Unsupported method: {params.method}")
 
-            hyps.append(sp.decode(hyp).split())
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
 
     s = "\n"
     for filename, hyp in zip(params.sound_files, hyps):
-        words = " ".join(hyp)
-        s += f"{filename}:\n{words}\n\n"
+        s += f"{filename}:\n{hyp}\n\n"
     logging.info(s)
 
     logging.info("Decoding Done")
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/pretrained_ctc.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/pretrained_ctc.py
index 5d460edb5..904c1deae 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/pretrained_ctc.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/pretrained_ctc.py
@@ -22,14 +22,14 @@ You can use the following command to get the exported models:
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 20 \
   --avg 10
 
 Usage of this script:
 
 (1) ctc-decoding
-./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/jit_pretrained_ctc.py \
+./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/pretrained_ctc.py \
   --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/exp/pretrained.pt \
   --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
   --method ctc-decoding \
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Usage of this script:
   /path/to/bar.wav
 
 (2) 1best
-./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/jit_pretrained_ctc.py \
+./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/pretrained_ctc.py \
   --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/exp/pretrained.pt \
   --HLG data/lang_bpe_500/HLG.pt \
   --words-file data/lang_bpe_500/words.txt  \
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ Usage of this script:
   /path/to/bar.wav
 
 (3) nbest-rescoring
-./bruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/jit_pretrained_ctc.py \
+./bruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/pretrained_ctc.py \
   --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/exp/pretrained.pt \
   --HLG data/lang_bpe_500/HLG.pt \
   --words-file data/lang_bpe_500/words.txt  \
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ Usage of this script:
 
 
 (4) whole-lattice-rescoring
-./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/jit_pretrained_ctc.py \
+./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/pretrained_ctc.py \
   --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/exp/pretrained.pt \
   --HLG data/lang_bpe_500/HLG.pt \
   --words-file data/lang_bpe_500/words.txt  \
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/export.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/export.py
index 05df8cfff..9f35cf63e 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/export.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/export.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Usage:
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 30 \
   --avg 13 \
   --jit 1
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ for how to use the exported models outside of icefall.
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 30 \
   --avg 13
 
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import sentencepiece as spm
+import k2
 import torch
 from scaling_converter import convert_scaled_to_non_scaled
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -154,10 +154,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        default="data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -197,12 +197,14 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/export_onnx.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/export_onnx.py
index 630a7f735..d3033b888 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/export_onnx.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/export_onnx.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Usage:
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/export_onnx.py \
   --exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 30 \
   --avg 13 \
   --onnx 1
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ Check `onnx_check.py` for how to use them.
 (2) Export to ONNX format which can be used in Triton Server
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/export_onnx.py \
   --exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 30 \
   --avg 13 \
   --onnx-triton 1
@@ -86,9 +86,10 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import sentencepiece as spm
+import k2
 import torch
 import torch.nn as nn
+from onnx_wrapper import TritonOnnxDecoder, TritonOnnxJoiner, TritonOnnxLconv
 from scaling_converter import convert_scaled_to_non_scaled
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
 
@@ -98,8 +99,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
-from onnx_wrapper import TritonOnnxDecoder, TritonOnnxJoiner, TritonOnnxLconv
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -156,10 +156,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        default="data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -728,12 +728,14 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/pretrained.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/pretrained.py
index ea0fe9164..5d240cf30 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/pretrained.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/pretrained.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ You can generate the checkpoint with the following command:
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 30 \
   --avg 13
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Usage of this script:
 (1) greedy search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method greedy_search \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
     /path/to/bar.wav
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Usage of this script:
 (2) beam search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Usage of this script:
 (3) modified beam search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method modified_beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ Usage of this script:
 (4) fast beam search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method fast_beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -75,7 +75,6 @@ from typing import List
 
 import k2
 import kaldifeat
-import sentencepiece as spm
 import torch
 import torchaudio
 from beam_search import (
@@ -88,6 +87,8 @@ from beam_search import (
 from torch.nn.utils.rnn import pad_sequence
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
 
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens
+
 
 def get_parser():
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
@@ -104,9 +105,9 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        help="""Path to bpe.model.""",
+        help="""Path to tokens.txt.""",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -223,13 +224,14 @@ def main():
 
     params.update(vars(args))
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.unk_id = sp.piece_to_id("<unk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(f"{params}")
 
@@ -284,6 +286,12 @@ def main():
         msg += f" with beam size {params.beam_size}"
     logging.info(msg)
 
+    def token_ids_to_words(token_ids: List[int]) -> str:
+        text = ""
+        for i in token_ids:
+            text += token_table[i]
+        return text.replace("▁", " ").strip()
+
     if params.method == "fast_beam_search":
         decoding_graph = k2.trivial_graph(params.vocab_size - 1, device=device)
         hyp_tokens = fast_beam_search_one_best(
@@ -295,8 +303,8 @@ def main():
             max_contexts=params.max_contexts,
             max_states=params.max_states,
         )
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     elif params.method == "modified_beam_search":
         hyp_tokens = modified_beam_search(
             model=model,
@@ -305,16 +313,16 @@ def main():
             beam=params.beam_size,
         )
 
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     elif params.method == "greedy_search" and params.max_sym_per_frame == 1:
         hyp_tokens = greedy_search_batch(
             model=model,
             encoder_out=encoder_out,
             encoder_out_lens=encoder_out_lens,
         )
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     else:
         for i in range(num_waves):
             # fmt: off
@@ -335,12 +343,11 @@ def main():
             else:
                 raise ValueError(f"Unsupported method: {params.method}")
 
-            hyps.append(sp.decode(hyp).split())
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
 
     s = "\n"
     for filename, hyp in zip(params.sound_files, hyps):
-        words = " ".join(hyp)
-        s += f"{filename}:\n{words}\n\n"
+        s += f"{filename}:\n{hyp}\n\n"
     logging.info(s)
 
     logging.info("Decoding Done")
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/pretrained_ctc.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/pretrained_ctc.py
index 412631ba1..914107526 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/pretrained_ctc.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/pretrained_ctc.py
@@ -22,14 +22,14 @@ You can use the following command to get the exported models:
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 20 \
   --avg 10
 
 Usage of this script:
 
 (1) ctc-decoding
-./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/jit_pretrained_ctc.py \
+./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/pretrained_ctc.py \
   --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/exp/pretrained.pt \
   --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
   --method ctc-decoding \
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Usage of this script:
   /path/to/bar.wav
 
 (2) 1best
-./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/jit_pretrained_ctc.py \
+./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/pretrained_ctc.py \
   --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/exp/pretrained.pt \
   --HLG data/lang_bpe_500/HLG.pt \
   --words-file data/lang_bpe_500/words.txt  \
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ Usage of this script:
   /path/to/bar.wav
 
 (3) nbest-rescoring
-./bruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/jit_pretrained_ctc.py \
+./bruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc/pretrained_ctc.py \
   --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/exp/pretrained.pt \
   --HLG data/lang_bpe_500/HLG.pt \
   --words-file data/lang_bpe_500/words.txt  \
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ Usage of this script:
 
 
 (4) whole-lattice-rescoring
-./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/jit_pretrained_ctc.py \
+./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/pretrained_ctc.py \
   --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_ctc_bs/exp/pretrained.pt \
   --HLG data/lang_bpe_500/HLG.pt \
   --words-file data/lang_bpe_500/words.txt  \
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export-for-ncnn-zh.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export-for-ncnn-zh.py
index e196f8b7d..07de57a86 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export-for-ncnn-zh.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export-for-ncnn-zh.py
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
+import k2
 import torch
 from scaling_converter import convert_scaled_to_non_scaled
 from train2 import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
@@ -76,8 +77,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.lexicon import Lexicon
-from icefall.utils import setup_logger, str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, setup_logger, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -123,10 +123,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--lang-dir",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_char",
-        help="The lang dir",
+        default="data/lang_char/tokens.txt",
+        help="The tokens.txt file",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -246,9 +246,14 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    lexicon = Lexicon(params.lang_dir)
-    params.blank_id = 0
-    params.vocab_size = max(lexicon.tokens) + 1
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
+
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
+    # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export-for-ncnn.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export-for-ncnn.py
index 4a16a97fb..9a6b31268 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export-for-ncnn.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export-for-ncnn.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ popd
 2. Export to ncnn
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export-for-ncnn.py \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --exp-dir $repo/exp \
   --use-averaged-model 0 \
   --epoch 99 \
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import sentencepiece as spm
+import k2
 import torch
 from scaling_converter import convert_scaled_to_non_scaled
 from train2 import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.utils import setup_logger, str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, setup_logger, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -121,10 +121,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        default="data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -244,12 +244,14 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export-onnx-zh.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export-onnx-zh.py
index 04d97808d..8653126de 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export-onnx-zh.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export-onnx-zh.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ popd
 2. Export the model to ONNX
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export-onnx-zh.py \
-  --lang-dir $repo/data/lang_char_bpe \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_char_bpe/tokens.txt \
   --use-averaged-model 0 \
   --epoch 99 \
   --avg 1 \
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Dict, List, Tuple
 
+import k2
 import onnx
 import torch
 import torch.nn as nn
@@ -76,8 +77,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.lexicon import Lexicon
-from icefall.utils import setup_logger, str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, setup_logger, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -134,10 +134,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--lang-dir",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_char",
-        help="The lang dir",
+        default="data/lang_char/tokens.txt",
+        help="The tokens.txt file",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -493,9 +493,14 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    lexicon = Lexicon(params.lang_dir)
-    params.blank_id = 0
-    params.vocab_size = max(lexicon.tokens) + 1
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
+
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
+    # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
@@ -661,7 +666,7 @@ def main():
     quantize_dynamic(
         model_input=decoder_filename,
         model_output=decoder_filename_int8,
-        op_types_to_quantize=["MatMul"],
+        op_types_to_quantize=["MatMul", "Gather"],
         weight_type=QuantType.QInt8,
     )
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export-onnx.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export-onnx.py
index e71bcaf29..6f84d79b4 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export-onnx.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export-onnx.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ popd
 2. Export the model to ONNX
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export-onnx.py \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --use-averaged-model 0 \
   --epoch 99 \
   --avg 1 \
@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Dict, List, Tuple
 
+import k2
 import onnx
-import sentencepiece as spm
 import torch
 import torch.nn as nn
 from decoder import Decoder
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.utils import setup_logger, str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, setup_logger, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -122,10 +122,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        default="data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -481,12 +481,14 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
@@ -652,7 +654,7 @@ def main():
     quantize_dynamic(
         model_input=decoder_filename,
         model_output=decoder_filename_int8,
-        op_types_to_quantize=["MatMul"],
+        op_types_to_quantize=["MatMul", "Gather"],
         weight_type=QuantType.QInt8,
     )
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export.py
index c191b5bcc..59a7eb589 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export.py
@@ -139,8 +139,8 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
+import k2
 import onnxruntime
-import sentencepiece as spm
 import torch
 import torch.nn as nn
 from onnx_model_wrapper import OnnxStreamingEncoder, TritonOnnxDecoder, TritonOnnxJoiner
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -211,10 +211,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        default="data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -675,12 +675,14 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/pretrained.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/pretrained.py
index fb77fdd42..bc42e8d05 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/pretrained.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/pretrained.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ You can generate the checkpoint with the following command:
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 20 \
   --avg 10
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Usage of this script:
 (1) greedy search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method greedy_search \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
     /path/to/bar.wav
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Usage of this script:
 (2) beam search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Usage of this script:
 (3) modified beam search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method modified_beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ Usage of this script:
 (4) fast beam search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method fast_beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -75,7 +75,6 @@ from typing import List
 
 import k2
 import kaldifeat
-import sentencepiece as spm
 import torch
 import torchaudio
 from beam_search import (
@@ -88,7 +87,7 @@ from beam_search import (
 from torch.nn.utils.rnn import pad_sequence
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
 
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -106,9 +105,9 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        help="""Path to bpe.model.""",
+        help="""Path to tokens.txt.""",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -225,13 +224,14 @@ def main():
 
     params.update(vars(args))
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.unk_id = sp.piece_to_id("<unk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(f"{params}")
 
@@ -286,6 +286,12 @@ def main():
         msg += f" with beam size {params.beam_size}"
     logging.info(msg)
 
+    def token_ids_to_words(token_ids: List[int]) -> str:
+        text = ""
+        for i in token_ids:
+            text += token_table[i]
+        return text.replace("▁", " ").strip()
+
     if params.method == "fast_beam_search":
         decoding_graph = k2.trivial_graph(params.vocab_size - 1, device=device)
         hyp_tokens = fast_beam_search_one_best(
@@ -297,8 +303,8 @@ def main():
             max_contexts=params.max_contexts,
             max_states=params.max_states,
         )
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     elif params.method == "modified_beam_search":
         hyp_tokens = modified_beam_search(
             model=model,
@@ -307,16 +313,16 @@ def main():
             beam=params.beam_size,
         )
 
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     elif params.method == "greedy_search" and params.max_sym_per_frame == 1:
         hyp_tokens = greedy_search_batch(
             model=model,
             encoder_out=encoder_out,
             encoder_out_lens=encoder_out_lens,
         )
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     else:
         for i in range(num_waves):
             # fmt: off
@@ -337,12 +343,11 @@ def main():
             else:
                 raise ValueError(f"Unsupported method: {params.method}")
 
-            hyps.append(sp.decode(hyp).split())
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
 
     s = "\n"
     for filename, hyp in zip(params.sound_files, hyps):
-        words = " ".join(hyp)
-        s += f"{filename}:\n{words}\n\n"
+        s += f"{filename}:\n{hyp}\n\n"
     logging.info(s)
 
     logging.info("Decoding Done")
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming_multi/export-for-ncnn.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming_multi/export-for-ncnn.py
index 4a16a97fb..9a6b31268 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming_multi/export-for-ncnn.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming_multi/export-for-ncnn.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ popd
 2. Export to ncnn
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless7_streaming/export-for-ncnn.py \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --exp-dir $repo/exp \
   --use-averaged-model 0 \
   --epoch 99 \
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import sentencepiece as spm
+import k2
 import torch
 from scaling_converter import convert_scaled_to_non_scaled
 from train2 import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.utils import setup_logger, str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, setup_logger, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -121,10 +121,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        default="data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -244,12 +244,14 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless8/export.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless8/export.py
index d4a228b47..d9697680b 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless8/export.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless8/export.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Usage:
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless8/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless8/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 30 \
   --avg 9 \
   --jit 1
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ for how to use the exported models outside of icefall.
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless8/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless8/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 20 \
   --avg 10
 
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import sentencepiece as spm
+import k2
 import torch
 import torch.nn as nn
 from scaling_converter import convert_scaled_to_non_scaled
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -155,10 +155,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        default="data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -198,12 +198,14 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless8/pretrained.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless8/pretrained.py
index 486d9d74e..64b38c9d5 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless8/pretrained.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless8/pretrained.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ You can generate the checkpoint with the following command:
 
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless8/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./pruned_transducer_stateless8/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 20 \
   --avg 10
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Usage of this script:
 (1) greedy search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless8/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless8/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method greedy_search \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
     /path/to/bar.wav
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Usage of this script:
 (2) beam search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless8/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless8/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Usage of this script:
 (3) modified beam search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless8/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless8/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method modified_beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ Usage of this script:
 (4) fast beam search
 ./pruned_transducer_stateless8/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./pruned_transducer_stateless8/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method fast_beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -75,7 +75,6 @@ from typing import List
 
 import k2
 import kaldifeat
-import sentencepiece as spm
 import torch
 import torchaudio
 from beam_search import (
@@ -88,7 +87,7 @@ from beam_search import (
 from torch.nn.utils.rnn import pad_sequence
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_params, get_transducer_model
 
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -106,9 +105,9 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        help="""Path to bpe.model.""",
+        help="""Path to tokens.txt.""",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -225,13 +224,14 @@ def main():
 
     params.update(vars(args))
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.unk_id = sp.piece_to_id("<unk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(f"{params}")
 
@@ -286,6 +286,12 @@ def main():
         msg += f" with beam size {params.beam_size}"
     logging.info(msg)
 
+    def token_ids_to_words(token_ids: List[int]) -> str:
+        text = ""
+        for i in token_ids:
+            text += token_table[i]
+        return text.replace("▁", " ").strip()
+
     if params.method == "fast_beam_search":
         decoding_graph = k2.trivial_graph(params.vocab_size - 1, device=device)
         hyp_tokens = fast_beam_search_one_best(
@@ -297,8 +303,8 @@ def main():
             max_contexts=params.max_contexts,
             max_states=params.max_states,
         )
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     elif params.method == "modified_beam_search":
         hyp_tokens = modified_beam_search(
             model=model,
@@ -307,16 +313,16 @@ def main():
             beam=params.beam_size,
         )
 
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     elif params.method == "greedy_search" and params.max_sym_per_frame == 1:
         hyp_tokens = greedy_search_batch(
             model=model,
             encoder_out=encoder_out,
             encoder_out_lens=encoder_out_lens,
         )
-        for hyp in sp.decode(hyp_tokens):
-            hyps.append(hyp.split())
+        for hyp in hyp_tokens:
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
     else:
         for i in range(num_waves):
             # fmt: off
@@ -337,12 +343,11 @@ def main():
             else:
                 raise ValueError(f"Unsupported method: {params.method}")
 
-            hyps.append(sp.decode(hyp).split())
+            hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
 
     s = "\n"
     for filename, hyp in zip(params.sound_files, hyps):
-        words = " ".join(hyp)
-        s += f"{filename}:\n{words}\n\n"
+        s += f"{filename}:\n{hyp}\n\n"
     logging.info(s)
 
     logging.info("Decoding Done")
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer/export.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer/export.py
index 6db0272f0..3b9e4a5dc 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer/export.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer/export.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 Usage:
 ./transducer/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./transducer/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 34 \
   --avg 11
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import sentencepiece as spm
+import k2
 import torch
 from conformer import Conformer
 from decoder import Decoder
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ from model import Transducer
 
 from icefall.checkpoint import average_checkpoints, load_checkpoint
 from icefall.env import get_env_info
-from icefall.utils import AttributeDict, str2bool
+from icefall.utils import AttributeDict, num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -90,10 +90,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        default="data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -191,12 +191,14 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer/pretrained.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer/pretrained.py
index 511610245..c2413f5de 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer/pretrained.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer/pretrained.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Usage:
 
 ./transducer/pretrained.py \
         --checkpoint ./transducer/exp/pretrained.pt \
-        --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+        --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
         --method greedy_search \
         /path/to/foo.wav \
         /path/to/bar.wav \
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ import logging
 import math
 from typing import List
 
+import k2
 import kaldifeat
-import sentencepiece as spm
 import torch
 import torchaudio
 from beam_search import beam_search, greedy_search
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ from model import Transducer
 from torch.nn.utils.rnn import pad_sequence
 
 from icefall.env import get_env_info
-from icefall.utils import AttributeDict
+from icefall.utils import AttributeDict, num_tokens
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -66,11 +66,9 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        help="""Path to bpe.model.
-        Used only when method is ctc-decoding.
-        """,
+        help="Path to tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -204,12 +202,14 @@ def main():
 
     params.update(vars(args))
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(f"{params}")
 
@@ -257,6 +257,12 @@ def main():
             x=features, x_lens=feature_lengths
         )
 
+    def token_ids_to_words(token_ids: List[int]) -> str:
+        text = ""
+        for i in token_ids:
+            text += token_table[i]
+        return text.replace("▁", " ").strip()
+
     num_waves = encoder_out.size(0)
     hyps = []
     for i in range(num_waves):
@@ -272,12 +278,11 @@ def main():
         else:
             raise ValueError(f"Unsupported method: {params.method}")
 
-        hyps.append(sp.decode(hyp).split())
+        hyps.append(token_ids_to_words(hyp))
 
     s = "\n"
     for filename, hyp in zip(params.sound_files, hyps):
-        words = " ".join(hyp)
-        s += f"{filename}:\n{words}\n\n"
+        s += f"{filename}:\n{hyp}\n\n"
     logging.info(s)
 
     logging.info("Decoding Done")
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer_stateless/export.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer_stateless/export.py
index 89359f1a4..c397eb171 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer_stateless/export.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer_stateless/export.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 Usage:
 ./transducer_stateless/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./transducer_stateless/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 20 \
   --avg 10
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import sentencepiece as spm
+import k2
 import torch
 import torch.nn as nn
 from conformer import Conformer
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ from model import Transducer
 
 from icefall.checkpoint import average_checkpoints, load_checkpoint
 from icefall.env import get_env_info
-from icefall.utils import AttributeDict, str2bool
+from icefall.utils import AttributeDict, num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -91,10 +91,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        default="data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -191,12 +191,14 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer_stateless/pretrained.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer_stateless/pretrained.py
index 915a6069d..5898dd0f5 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer_stateless/pretrained.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer_stateless/pretrained.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Usage:
 (1) greedy search
 ./transducer_stateless/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./transducer_stateless/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method greedy_search \
     --max-sym-per-frame 1 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Usage:
 (2) beam search
 ./transducer_stateless/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./transducer_stateless/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Usage:
 (3) modified beam search
 ./transducer_stateless/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./transducer_stateless/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method modified_beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ Usage:
 (4) fast beam search
 ./transducer_stateless/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./transducer_stateless/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method fast_beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -67,7 +67,6 @@ from typing import List
 
 import k2
 import kaldifeat
-import sentencepiece as spm
 import torch
 import torchaudio
 from beam_search import (
@@ -80,6 +79,8 @@ from beam_search import (
 from torch.nn.utils.rnn import pad_sequence
 from train import get_params, get_transducer_model
 
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens
+
 
 def get_parser():
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
@@ -96,9 +97,9 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        help="""Path to bpe.model.""",
+        help="""Path to tokens.txt.""",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -213,12 +214,14 @@ def main():
 
     params.update(vars(args))
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(f"{params}")
 
@@ -273,6 +276,12 @@ def main():
         msg += f" with beam size {params.beam_size}"
     logging.info(msg)
 
+    def token_ids_to_words(token_ids: List[int]) -> str:
+        text = ""
+        for i in token_ids:
+            text += token_table[i]
+        return text.replace("▁", " ").strip()
+
     if params.method == "fast_beam_search":
         decoding_graph = k2.trivial_graph(params.vocab_size - 1, device=device)
         hyp_list = fast_beam_search_one_best(
@@ -318,12 +327,11 @@ def main():
                 raise ValueError(f"Unsupported method: {params.method}")
             hyp_list.append(hyp)
 
-    hyps = [sp.decode(hyp).split() for hyp in hyp_list]
+    hyps = [token_ids_to_words(hyp) for hyp in hyp_list]
 
     s = "\n"
     for filename, hyp in zip(params.sound_files, hyps):
-        words = " ".join(hyp)
-        s += f"{filename}:\n{words}\n\n"
+        s += f"{filename}:\n{hyp}\n\n"
     logging.info(s)
 
     logging.info("Decoding Done")
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer_stateless2/export.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer_stateless2/export.py
index d33d02642..f4b6f5554 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer_stateless2/export.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer_stateless2/export.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 Usage:
 ./transducer_stateless2/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./transducer_stateless2/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 20 \
   --avg 10
 
@@ -46,12 +46,12 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import sentencepiece as spm
+import k2
 import torch
 from train import get_params, get_transducer_model
 
 from icefall.checkpoint import average_checkpoints, load_checkpoint
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -86,10 +86,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        default="data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -123,12 +123,14 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer_stateless2/pretrained.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer_stateless2/pretrained.py
index 0738f30c0..b69b347ef 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer_stateless2/pretrained.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer_stateless2/pretrained.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Usage:
 (1) greedy search
 ./transducer_stateless2/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./transducer_stateless2/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method greedy_search \
     --max-sym-per-frame 1 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Usage:
 (2) beam search
 ./transducer_stateless2/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./transducer_stateless2/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Usage:
 (3) modified beam search
 ./transducer_stateless2/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./transducer_stateless2/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method modified_beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ Usage:
 (4) fast beam search
 ./transducer_stateless2/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./transducer_stateless2/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method fast_beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -67,7 +67,6 @@ from typing import List
 
 import k2
 import kaldifeat
-import sentencepiece as spm
 import torch
 import torchaudio
 from beam_search import (
@@ -80,6 +79,8 @@ from beam_search import (
 from torch.nn.utils.rnn import pad_sequence
 from train import get_params, get_transducer_model
 
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens
+
 
 def get_parser():
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
@@ -96,9 +97,9 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        help="""Path to bpe.model.""",
+        help="""Path to tokens.txt.""",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -213,12 +214,14 @@ def main():
 
     params.update(vars(args))
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(f"{params}")
 
@@ -273,6 +276,12 @@ def main():
         msg += f" with beam size {params.beam_size}"
     logging.info(msg)
 
+    def token_ids_to_words(token_ids: List[int]) -> str:
+        text = ""
+        for i in token_ids:
+            text += token_table[i]
+        return text.replace("▁", " ").strip()
+
     if params.method == "fast_beam_search":
         decoding_graph = k2.trivial_graph(params.vocab_size - 1, device=device)
         hyp_list = fast_beam_search_one_best(
@@ -318,12 +327,11 @@ def main():
                 raise ValueError(f"Unsupported method: {params.method}")
             hyp_list.append(hyp)
 
-    hyps = [sp.decode(hyp).split() for hyp in hyp_list]
+    hyps = [token_ids_to_words(hyp) for hyp in hyp_list]
 
     s = "\n"
     for filename, hyp in zip(params.sound_files, hyps):
-        words = " ".join(hyp)
-        s += f"{filename}:\n{words}\n\n"
+        s += f"{filename}:\n{hyp}\n\n"
     logging.info(s)
 
     logging.info("Decoding Done")
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer_stateless_multi_datasets/export.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer_stateless_multi_datasets/export.py
index 3735ef452..6d31dfe34 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer_stateless_multi_datasets/export.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer_stateless_multi_datasets/export.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 Usage:
 ./transducer_stateless_multi_datasets/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./transducer_stateless_multi_datasets/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 20 \
   --avg 10
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import sentencepiece as spm
+import k2
 import torch
 import torch.nn as nn
 from conformer import Conformer
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ from model import Transducer
 
 from icefall.checkpoint import average_checkpoints, load_checkpoint
 from icefall.env import get_env_info
-from icefall.utils import AttributeDict, str2bool
+from icefall.utils import AttributeDict, num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -92,10 +92,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        default="data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -192,12 +192,14 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer_stateless_multi_datasets/pretrained.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer_stateless_multi_datasets/pretrained.py
index 8c7726367..4f29d6f1f 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer_stateless_multi_datasets/pretrained.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/transducer_stateless_multi_datasets/pretrained.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Usage:
 (1) greedy search
 ./transducer_stateless_multi_datasets/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./transducer_stateless_multi_datasets/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method greedy_search \
     --max-sym-per-frame 1 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Usage:
 (2) beam search
 ./transducer_stateless_multi_datasets/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./transducer_stateless_multi_datasets/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Usage:
 (3) modified beam search
 ./transducer_stateless_multi_datasets/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./transducer_stateless_multi_datasets/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method modified_beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ Usage:
 (4) fast beam search
 ./transducer_stateless_multi_datasets/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./transducer_stateless_multi_datasets/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method fast_beam_search \
     --beam-size 4 \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -67,7 +67,6 @@ from typing import List
 
 import k2
 import kaldifeat
-import sentencepiece as spm
 import torch
 import torchaudio
 from beam_search import (
@@ -80,6 +79,8 @@ from beam_search import (
 from torch.nn.utils.rnn import pad_sequence
 from train import get_params, get_transducer_model
 
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens
+
 
 def get_parser():
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
@@ -96,9 +97,9 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        help="""Path to bpe.model.""",
+        help="""Path to tokens.txt.""",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -213,12 +214,14 @@ def main():
 
     params.update(vars(args))
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(f"{params}")
 
@@ -273,6 +276,12 @@ def main():
         msg += f" with beam size {params.beam_size}"
     logging.info(msg)
 
+    def token_ids_to_words(token_ids: List[int]) -> str:
+        text = ""
+        for i in token_ids:
+            text += token_table[i]
+        return text.replace("▁", " ").strip()
+
     if params.method == "fast_beam_search":
         decoding_graph = k2.trivial_graph(params.vocab_size - 1, device=device)
         hyp_list = fast_beam_search_one_best(
@@ -318,12 +327,11 @@ def main():
                 raise ValueError(f"Unsupported method: {params.method}")
             hyp_list.append(hyp)
 
-    hyps = [sp.decode(hyp).split() for hyp in hyp_list]
+    hyps = [token_ids_to_words(hyp) for hyp in hyp_list]
 
     s = "\n"
     for filename, hyp in zip(params.sound_files, hyps):
-        words = " ".join(hyp)
-        s += f"{filename}:\n{words}\n\n"
+        s += f"{filename}:\n{hyp}\n\n"
     logging.info(s)
 
     logging.info("Decoding Done")
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/export-onnx-streaming.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/export-onnx-streaming.py
index 3eb06f68c..a951aeef3 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/export-onnx-streaming.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/export-onnx-streaming.py
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ GIT_LFS_SKIP_SMUDGE=1 git clone $repo_url
 repo=$(basename $repo_url)
 
 pushd $repo
-git lfs pull --include "data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt"
 git lfs pull --include "exp/pretrained.pt"
 
 cd exp
@@ -74,7 +73,6 @@ import onnx
 import torch
 import torch.nn as nn
 from decoder import Decoder
-from export import num_tokens
 from onnxruntime.quantization import QuantType, quantize_dynamic
 from scaling_converter import convert_scaled_to_non_scaled
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_model, get_params
@@ -86,7 +84,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/export-onnx.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/export-onnx.py
index 724fdd2a6..e0d664009 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/export-onnx.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/export-onnx.py
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ GIT_LFS_SKIP_SMUDGE=1 git clone $repo_url
 repo=$(basename $repo_url)
 
 pushd $repo
-git lfs pull --include "data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt"
 git lfs pull --include "exp/pretrained.pt"
 
 cd exp
@@ -71,7 +70,6 @@ import onnx
 import torch
 import torch.nn as nn
 from decoder import Decoder
-from export import num_tokens
 from onnxruntime.quantization import QuantType, quantize_dynamic
 from scaling_converter import convert_scaled_to_non_scaled
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_model, get_params
@@ -83,7 +81,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.utils import make_pad_mask, str2bool
+from icefall.utils import make_pad_mask, num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/export.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/export.py
index 4a48d5bad..2b8d1aaf3 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/export.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/export.py
@@ -160,7 +160,6 @@ with the following commands:
 
 import argparse
 import logging
-import re
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import List, Tuple
 
@@ -176,27 +175,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.utils import make_pad_mask, str2bool
-
-
-def num_tokens(
-    token_table: k2.SymbolTable, disambig_pattern: str = re.compile(r"^#\d+$")
-) -> int:
-    """Return the number of tokens excluding those from
-    disambiguation symbols.
-
-    Caution:
-      0 is not a token ID so it is excluded from the return value.
-    """
-    symbols = token_table.symbols
-    ans = []
-    for s in symbols:
-        if not disambig_pattern.match(s):
-            ans.append(token_table[s])
-    num_tokens = len(ans)
-    if 0 in ans:
-        num_tokens -= 1
-    return num_tokens
+from icefall.utils import make_pad_mask, num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -487,6 +466,8 @@ def main():
                     device=device,
                 )
             )
+        elif params.avg == 1:
+            load_checkpoint(f"{params.exp_dir}/epoch-{params.epoch}.pt", model)
         else:
             assert params.avg > 0, params.avg
             start = params.epoch - params.avg
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/jit_pretrained_ctc.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/jit_pretrained_ctc.py
index 904d8cd76..660a4bfc6 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/jit_pretrained_ctc.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/jit_pretrained_ctc.py
@@ -410,10 +410,20 @@ def main():
         raise ValueError(f"Unsupported decoding method: {params.method}")
 
     s = "\n"
-    for filename, hyp in zip(params.sound_files, hyps):
-        words = " ".join(hyp)
-        words = words.replace("▁", " ").strip()
-        s += f"{filename}:\n{words}\n\n"
+    if params.method == "ctc-decoding":
+        for filename, hyp in zip(params.sound_files, hyps):
+            words = "".join(hyp)
+            words = words.replace("▁", " ").strip()
+            s += f"{filename}:\n{words}\n\n"
+    elif params.method in [
+        "1best",
+        "nbest-rescoring",
+        "whole-lattice-rescoring",
+    ]:
+        for filename, hyp in zip(params.sound_files, hyps):
+            words = " ".join(hyp)
+            words = words.replace("▁", " ").strip()
+            s += f"{filename}:\n{words}\n\n"
     logging.info(s)
 
     logging.info("Decoding Done")
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/onnx_check.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/onnx_check.py
index b38b875d0..93bd3a211 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/onnx_check.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/onnx_check.py
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ GIT_LFS_SKIP_SMUDGE=1 git clone $repo_url
 repo=$(basename $repo_url)
 
 pushd $repo
-git lfs pull --include "data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt"
 git lfs pull --include "exp/pretrained.pt"
 
 cd exp
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/onnx_pretrained-streaming.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/onnx_pretrained-streaming.py
index 2ce4506a8..500b2cd09 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/onnx_pretrained-streaming.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/onnx_pretrained-streaming.py
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ GIT_LFS_SKIP_SMUDGE=1 git clone $repo_url
 repo=$(basename $repo_url)
 
 pushd $repo
-git lfs pull --include "data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model"
 git lfs pull --include "exp/pretrained.pt"
 
 cd exp
@@ -29,7 +28,7 @@ popd
 2. Export the model to ONNX
 
 ./zipformer/export-onnx-streaming.py \
-  --bpe-model $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens $repo/data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --use-averaged-model 0 \
   --epoch 99 \
   --avg 1 \
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/onnx_pretrained.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/onnx_pretrained.py
index e8a521460..032b07721 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/onnx_pretrained.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/onnx_pretrained.py
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ GIT_LFS_SKIP_SMUDGE=1 git clone $repo_url
 repo=$(basename $repo_url)
 
 pushd $repo
-git lfs pull --include "data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt"
 git lfs pull --include "exp/pretrained.pt"
 
 cd exp
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/pretrained_ctc.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/pretrained_ctc.py
index be239e9c3..9dff2e6fc 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/pretrained_ctc.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer/pretrained_ctc.py
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ def main():
     params.update(vars(args))
 
     token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
-    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table)
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for blank
     params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
     assert params.blank_id == 0
 
@@ -429,10 +429,20 @@ def main():
         raise ValueError(f"Unsupported decoding method: {params.method}")
 
     s = "\n"
-    for filename, hyp in zip(params.sound_files, hyps):
-        words = " ".join(hyp)
-        words = words.replace("▁", " ").strip()
-        s += f"{filename}:\n{words}\n\n"
+    if params.method == "ctc-decoding":
+        for filename, hyp in zip(params.sound_files, hyps):
+            words = "".join(hyp)
+            words = words.replace("▁", " ").strip()
+            s += f"{filename}:\n{words}\n\n"
+    elif params.method in [
+        "1best",
+        "nbest-rescoring",
+        "whole-lattice-rescoring",
+    ]:
+        for filename, hyp in zip(params.sound_files, hyps):
+            words = " ".join(hyp)
+            words = words.replace("▁", " ").strip()
+            s += f"{filename}:\n{words}\n\n"
     logging.info(s)
 
     logging.info("Decoding Done")
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer_mmi/export.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer_mmi/export.py
index 0af7bd367..1aec56420 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer_mmi/export.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer_mmi/export.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Usage:
 
 ./zipformer_mmi/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./zipformer_mmi/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 30 \
   --avg 9 \
   --jit 1
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ for how to use the exported models outside of icefall.
 
 ./zipformer_mmi/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./zipformer_mmi/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 20 \
   --avg 10
 
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ import argparse
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import sentencepiece as spm
+import k2
 import torch
 from scaling_converter import convert_scaled_to_non_scaled
 from train import add_model_arguments, get_ctc_model, get_params
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ from icefall.checkpoint import (
     find_checkpoints,
     load_checkpoint,
 )
-from icefall.utils import str2bool
+from icefall.utils import num_tokens, str2bool
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -154,10 +154,10 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        default="data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model",
-        help="Path to the BPE model",
+        default="data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt",
+        help="Path to the tokens.txt.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -190,12 +190,14 @@ def main():
 
     logging.info(f"device: {device}")
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(params)
 
diff --git a/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer_mmi/pretrained.py b/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer_mmi/pretrained.py
index 0e7fd0daf..3ba4da5dd 100755
--- a/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer_mmi/pretrained.py
+++ b/egs/librispeech/ASR/zipformer_mmi/pretrained.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ You can generate the checkpoint with the following command:
 
 ./zipformer_mmi/export.py \
   --exp-dir ./zipformer_mmi/exp \
-  --bpe-model data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+  --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
   --epoch 20 \
   --avg 10
 
@@ -30,14 +30,14 @@ Usage of this script:
 (1) 1best
 ./zipformer_mmi/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./zipformer_mmi/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --method 1best \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
     /path/to/bar.wav
 (2) nbest
 ./zipformer_mmi/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./zipformer_mmi/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --nbest-scale 1.2 \
     --method nbest \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ Usage of this script:
 (3) nbest-rescoring-LG
 ./zipformer_mmi/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./zipformer_mmi/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --nbest-scale 1.2 \
     --method nbest-rescoring-LG \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ Usage of this script:
 (4) nbest-rescoring-3-gram
 ./zipformer_mmi/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./zipformer_mmi/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --nbest-scale 1.2 \
     --method nbest-rescoring-3-gram \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ Usage of this script:
 (5) nbest-rescoring-4-gram
 ./zipformer_mmi/pretrained.py \
     --checkpoint ./zipformer_mmi/exp/pretrained.pt \
-    --bpe-model ./data/lang_bpe_500/bpe.model \
+    --tokens data/lang_bpe_500/tokens.txt \
     --nbest-scale 1.2 \
     --method nbest-rescoring-4-gram \
     /path/to/foo.wav \
@@ -83,7 +83,6 @@ from typing import List
 
 import k2
 import kaldifeat
-import sentencepiece as spm
 import torch
 import torchaudio
 from decode import get_decoding_params
@@ -97,7 +96,7 @@ from icefall.decode import (
     one_best_decoding,
 )
 from icefall.mmi_graph_compiler import MmiTrainingGraphCompiler
-from icefall.utils import get_texts
+from icefall.utils import get_texts, num_tokens
 
 
 def get_parser():
@@ -115,9 +114,9 @@ def get_parser():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--bpe-model",
+        "--tokens",
         type=str,
-        help="""Path to bpe.model.""",
+        help="""Path to tokens.txt.""",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -247,13 +246,14 @@ def main():
     params.update(get_decoding_params())
     params.update(vars(args))
 
-    sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    sp.load(params.bpe_model)
+    # Load tokens.txt here
+    token_table = k2.SymbolTable.from_file(params.tokens)
 
+    # Load id of the <blk> token and the vocab size
     # <blk> is defined in local/train_bpe_model.py
-    params.blank_id = sp.piece_to_id("<blk>")
-    params.unk_id = sp.piece_to_id("<unk>")
-    params.vocab_size = sp.get_piece_size()
+    params.blank_id = token_table["<blk>"]
+    params.unk_id = token_table["<unk>"]
+    params.vocab_size = num_tokens(token_table) + 1  # +1 for <blk>
 
     logging.info(f"{params}")
 
@@ -298,8 +298,6 @@ def main():
     features = pad_sequence(features, batch_first=True, padding_value=math.log(1e-10))
     feature_lengths = torch.tensor(feature_lengths, device=device)
 
-    bpe_model = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
-    bpe_model.load(str(params.lang_dir / "bpe.model"))
     mmi_graph_compiler = MmiTrainingGraphCompiler(
         params.lang_dir,
         uniq_filename="lexicon.txt",
@@ -313,6 +311,12 @@ def main():
     if not hasattr(HP, "lm_scores"):
         HP.lm_scores = HP.scores.clone()
 
+    def token_ids_to_words(token_ids: List[int]) -> str:
+        text = ""
+        for i in token_ids:
+            text += token_table[i]
+        return text.replace("▁", " ").strip()
+
     method = params.method
     assert method in (
         "1best",
@@ -390,14 +394,11 @@ def main():
     #
     # token_ids is a lit-of-list of IDs
     token_ids = get_texts(best_path)
-    # hyps is a list of str, e.g., ['xxx yyy zzz', ...]
-    hyps = bpe_model.decode(token_ids)
-    # hyps is a list of list of str, e.g., [['xxx', 'yyy', 'zzz'], ... ]
-    hyps = [s.split() for s in hyps]
+    hyps = [token_ids_to_words(ids) for ids in token_ids]
+
     s = "\n"
     for filename, hyp in zip(params.sound_files, hyps):
-        words = " ".join(hyp)
-        s += f"{filename}:\n{words}\n\n"
+        s += f"{filename}:\n{hyp}\n\n"
     logging.info(s)
 
     logging.info("Decoding Done")
diff --git a/egs/wenetspeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless2/export-onnx.py b/egs/wenetspeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless2/export-onnx.py
index fad66986b..760fad974 100755
--- a/egs/wenetspeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless2/export-onnx.py
+++ b/egs/wenetspeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless2/export-onnx.py
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ def main():
     quantize_dynamic(
         model_input=decoder_filename,
         model_output=decoder_filename_int8,
-        op_types_to_quantize=["MatMul"],
+        op_types_to_quantize=["MatMul", "Gather"],
         weight_type=QuantType.QInt8,
     )
 
diff --git a/egs/wenetspeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless2/pretrained.py b/egs/wenetspeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless2/pretrained.py
index bc499f3dd..c3d67ad92 100755
--- a/egs/wenetspeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless2/pretrained.py
+++ b/egs/wenetspeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless2/pretrained.py
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ def main():
 
     s = "\n"
     for filename, hyp in zip(params.sound_files, hyps):
-        words = " ".join(hyp)
+        words = "".join(hyp)
         s += f"{filename}:\n{words}\n\n"
     logging.info(s)
 
diff --git a/icefall/utils.py b/icefall/utils.py
index 0feff9dc8..b01cd2770 100644
--- a/icefall/utils.py
+++ b/icefall/utils.py
@@ -2060,3 +2060,23 @@ def symlink_or_copy(exp_dir: Path, src: str, dst: str):
     except OSError:
         copyfile(src=exp_dir / src, dst=exp_dir / dst)
     os.close(dir_fd)
+
+
+def num_tokens(
+    token_table: k2.SymbolTable, disambig_pattern: str = re.compile(r"^#\d+$")
+) -> int:
+    """Return the number of tokens excluding those from
+    disambiguation symbols.
+
+    Caution:
+      0 is not a token ID so it is excluded from the return value.
+    """
+    symbols = token_table.symbols
+    ans = []
+    for s in symbols:
+        if not disambig_pattern.match(s):
+            ans.append(token_table[s])
+    num_tokens = len(ans)
+    if 0 in ans:
+        num_tokens -= 1
+    return num_tokens