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Reworking of ActivationBalancer code to hopefully balance speed and effectiveness.

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Daniel Povey 2022-10-14 19:20:32 +08:00
parent 5f375be159
commit 96023419da
1 changed files with 156 additions and 123 deletions
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279
egs/librispeech/ASR/pruned_transducer_stateless7/scaling.py
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@ -30,6 +30,104 @@ from torch.nn import Embedding as ScaledEmbedding
class ActivationBalancerFunction(torch.autograd.Function):
@staticmethod
def forward(
ctx,
x: Tensor,
scale_factor: Tensor,
sign_factor: Optional[Tensor],
channel_dim: int,
) -> Tensor:
if channel_dim < 0:
channel_dim += x.ndim
ctx.channel_dim = channel_dim
xgt0 = (x > 0)
if sign_factor is None:
ctx.save_for_backward(xgt0, scale_factor)
else:
ctx.save_for_backward(xgt0, scale_factor, sign_factor)
return x
@staticmethod
def backward(
ctx, x_grad: Tensor
) -> Tuple[Tensor, None, None, None]:
if len(ctx.saved_tensors) == 3:
xgt0, scale_factor, sign_factor = ctx.saved_tensors
for _ in range(ctx.channel_dim, x_grad.ndim - 1):
scale_factor = scale_factor.unsqueeze(-1)
sign_factor = sign_factor.unsqueeze(-1)
factor = sign_factor + scale_factor * (xgt0.to(x_grad.dtype) - 0.5)
else:
xgt0, scale_factor = ctx.saved_tensors
for _ in range(ctx.channel_dim, x_grad.ndim - 1):
scale_factor = scale_factor.unsqueeze(-1)
factor = scale_factor * (xgt0.to(x_grad.dtype) - 0.5)
neg_delta_grad = x_grad.abs() * factor
return x_grad - neg_delta_grad, None, None, None,
def _compute_scale_factor(x: Tensor,
channel_dim: int,
min_abs: float,
max_abs: float,
gain_factor: float,
max_factor: float) -> Tensor:
if channel_dim < 0:
channel_dim += x.ndim
sum_dims = [d for d in range(x.ndim) if d != channel_dim]
x_abs_mean = torch.mean(x.abs(), dim=sum_dims).to(torch.float32)
if min_abs == 0.0:
below_threshold = 0.0
else:
# below_threshold is 0 if x_abs_mean > min_abs, can be at most max_factor if
# x_abs)_mean , min_abs.
below_threshold = ((min_abs - x_abs_mean) * (gain_factor / min_abs)).clamp(min=0, max=max_factor)
above_threshold = ((x_abs_mean - max_abs) * (gain_factor / max_abs)).clamp(min=0, max=max_factor)
return below_threshold - above_threshold
def _compute_sign_factor(x: Tensor,
channel_dim: int,
min_positive: float,
max_positive: float,
gain_factor: float,
max_factor: float) -> Tensor:
if channel_dim < 0:
channel_dim += x.ndim
sum_dims = [d for d in range(x.ndim) if d != channel_dim]
proportion_positive = torch.mean((x > 0).to(torch.float32),
dim=sum_dims)
if min_positive == 0.0:
factor1 = 0.0
else:
# 0 if proportion_positive >= min_positive, else can be
# as large as max_factor.
factor1 = ((min_positive - proportion_positive) *
(gain_factor / min_positive)).clamp_(min=0, max=max_factor)
if max_positive == 1.0:
factor2 = 0.0
else:
# 0 if self.proportion_positive <= max_positive, else can be
# as large as -max_factor.
factor2 = ((proportion_positive - max_positive) *
(gain_factor / (1.0 - max_positive))).clamp_(min=0, max=max_factor)
sign_factor = factor1 - factor2
# require min_positive != 0 or max_positive != 1:
assert not isinstance(sign_factor, float)
return sign_factor
class ActivationScaleBalancerFunction(torch.autograd.Function):
"""
This object is used in class ActivationBalancer when the user specified
min_positive=0, max_positive=1, so there are no constraints on the signs
of the activations and only the absolute value has a constraint.
"""
@staticmethod
def forward(
ctx,
@ -62,6 +160,7 @@ class ActivationBalancerFunction(torch.autograd.Function):
class MaxEigLimiterFunction(torch.autograd.Function):
@staticmethod
def forward(
@ -218,7 +317,6 @@ class ActivationBalancer(torch.nn.Module):
interpolated from 1 at the threshold to those extremal values when none
of the inputs are positive.
Args:
num_channels: the number of channels
channel_dim: the dimension/axis corresponding to the channel, e.g.
@ -231,34 +329,36 @@ class ActivationBalancer(torch.nn.Module):
either the sign constraint or the magnitude constraint;
e.g. with max_factor=0.02, the the derivatives would be multiplied by
values in the range [0.98..1.02].
sign_gain_factor: determines the 'gain' with which we increase the
change in gradient once the constraints on min_positive and max_positive
are violated.
scale_gain_factor: determines the 'gain' with which we increase the
change in gradient once the constraints on min_abs and max_abs
are violated.
min_abs: the minimum average-absolute-value difference from the mean
value per channel, which we allow, before we start to modify
the derivatives to prevent this.
max_abs: the maximum average-absolute-value difference from the mean
value per channel, which we allow, before we start to modify
the derivatives to prevent this.
beta: a constant used in decaying stats for the {min,max}_positive and
{min,max}_abs constraints. Likely not critical.
prob: determines the probability with which we modify the
min_prob: determines the minimum probability with which we modify the
gradients for the {min,max}_positive and {min,max}_abs constraints,
on each forward(). This is done randomly to prevent all layers
from doing it at the same time.
stats_period: the periodicity with which we update the statistics on
the activations.
from doing it at the same time. Early in training we may use
higher probabilities than this; it will decay to this value.
"""
def __init__(
self,
num_channels: int,
channel_dim: int,
min_positive: float = 0.05,
max_positive: float = 0.95,
max_factor: float = 0.01,
min_abs: float = 0.2,
max_abs: float = 100.0,
max_var_per_eig: float = 0.0,
beta: float = 0.0,
prob: float = 0.25,
stats_period: int = 4,
self,
num_channels: int,
channel_dim: int,
min_positive: float = 0.05,
max_positive: float = 0.95,
max_factor: float = 0.02,
sign_gain_factor: float = 0.01,
scale_gain_factor: float = 0.02,
min_abs: float = 0.2,
max_abs: float = 100.0,
min_prob: float = 0.1,
):
super(ActivationBalancer, self).__init__()
self.num_channels = num_channels
@ -268,124 +368,58 @@ class ActivationBalancer(torch.nn.Module):
self.max_factor = max_factor
self.min_abs = min_abs
self.max_abs = max_abs
self.beta = beta
self.prob = prob
self.stats_period = stats_period
self.min_prob = min_prob
self.sign_gain_factor = sign_gain_factor
self.scale_gain_factor = scale_gain_factor
# count measures how many times the forward() function has been called.
self.count = 0
# We occasionally sync this to a tensor called `count`, that exists to
# make sure it is synced to disk when we load and save the model.
self.cpu_count = 0
self.register_buffer('count', torch.tensor(0, dtype=torch.int64))
# the mean of the absolute value of the data per channel
self.register_buffer('abs_mean', torch.zeros(num_channels))
# the proportion of activations that are positive, per channel.
self.register_buffer('proportion_positive', torch.zeros(num_channels))
# `factors` contains two buffers of shape (num_channels,).
# `sign_factor` is an expression that will be used to scale the
# gradients in backprop; it will be 0 if the max_positive and min_positive
# contstraints are satisfied.
# `scale_factor` is an expression that will be used to encourage the
# data to satisfy our min_abs and max_abs constraints; it will be zero if
# all constraints are satisfied.
self.register_buffer('factors', torch.zeros(2, num_channels))
def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor:
if torch.jit.is_scripting() or not x.requires_grad:
return x
count = self.count
self.count += 1
count = self.cpu_count
self.cpu_count += 1
if count % self.stats_period == 0:
self._update_stats(x, count)
if random.random() < 0.01:
# Occasionally sync self.cpu_count with self.count.
# count affects the decay of 'prob'. don't do this on every iter,
# because syncing with the GPU is slow.
self.cpu_count = max(self.cpu_count, self.count.item())
self.count.fill_(self.cpu_count)
if random.random() < self.prob:
# The .clone() is in case the forward() gets called multiple times befor
factors = self.factors.clone()
sign_factor = factors[0]
scale_factor = factors[1]
# the prob of doing some work exponentially decreases from 0.5 till it hits
# a floor at min_prob (==0.1, by default)
prob = max(self.min_prob, 0.5 ** (1 + (count/2000.0)))
if random.random() < prob:
sign_gain_factor = 0.5
if self.min_positive != 0.0 or self.max_positive != 1.0:
sign_factor = _compute_sign_factor(x, self.channel_dim,
self.min_positive, self.max_positive,
gain_factor=self.sign_gain_factor / prob,
max_factor=self.max_factor)
else:
sign_factor = None
scale_factor = _compute_scale_factor(x, self.channel_dim,
min_abs=self.min_abs,
max_abs=self.max_abs,
gain_factor=self.scale_gain_factor / prob,
max_factor=self.max_factor)
return ActivationBalancerFunction.apply(
x, sign_factor, scale_factor, self.channel_dim,
x, scale_factor, sign_factor, self.channel_dim,
)
else:
return x
def _update_stats(self,
x: Tensor,
count: int):
"""
Updates some statistics that we maintain, describing the average activations per
channel.
"""
with torch.no_grad():
channel_dim = self.channel_dim
if channel_dim < 0:
channel_dim += x.ndim
sum_dims = [d for d in range(x.ndim) if d != channel_dim]
x_abs_mean = torch.mean(x.abs(), dim=sum_dims).to(torch.float32)
# the random.random() thing is to split the difference if x is zero,
# between treating it positive or negative
proportion_positive = torch.mean(
((x > 0) if random.random() < 0.5 else (x >= 0)).to(torch.float32), dim = sum_dims,
)
def filter_inf_nan(y):
mask = (y - y != 0)
y.masked_fill_(mask, 0.0)
filter_inf_nan(x_abs_mean)
beta = self.beta if count > 0 else 0.0
self.abs_mean.mul_(beta).add_(x_abs_mean, alpha=(1-beta))
self.proportion_positive.mul_(beta).add_(proportion_positive, alpha=(1-beta))
max_factor = self.max_factor / self.prob
min_positive = self.min_positive
max_positive = self.max_positive
if min_positive == 0.0:
factor1 = 0.0
else:
# 0 if self.proportion_positive >= min_positive, else can be
# as large as max_factor.
factor1 = ((min_positive - self.proportion_positive).relu() *
(max_factor / min_positive))
if max_positive == 1.0:
factor2 = 0.0
else:
# 0 if self.proportion_positive <= max_positive, else can be
# as large as -max_factor.
factor2 = ((self.proportion_positive - max_positive).relu()
* (max_factor / (max_positive - 1.0)))
sign_factor = self.factors[0]
scale_factor = self.factors[1]
sign_factor[:] = factor1 + factor2
# the factor of 2.0 below is just to cancel out a factor of 0.5 that gets introduced when, in
# the backprop, we do (xgt0.to(dtype) - 0.5).
#
# scale_factor_scale, on the other hand, is a heuristically chosen value between 0 and 1,
# that we use to make the gradient changes from the 'scale' constraints (min_abs/max_abs)
# less strong than those from the sign constraints.
#
# This is to get rid of a pathology that can happen if, for instance, a
# channel is always positive but is too small (max_positive and min_abs constraints both
# violated). If scale_factor_scale were equal to 1.0, then the gradient changes from the
# min_positive constraint (trying to make the activation more negative) and from the
# min_abs constraint (trying to make the activation more positive) would exactly cancel.
# Instead we make the min_positive constraint stronger, so it first makes the value
# sometimes negative, and only when that is satisfied, can deal with the absolute-value
# constraint.
scale_factor_scale = 0.8
below_threshold = (self.abs_mean < self.min_abs)
above_threshold = (self.abs_mean > self.max_abs)
scale_factor[:] = ((below_threshold.to(torch.float32) -
above_threshold.to(torch.float32))
* (max_factor * (2.0 * scale_factor_scale)))
class MaxEig(torch.nn.Module):
"""
@ -612,7 +646,6 @@ def _test_activation_balancer_sign():
max_positive=0.95,
max_factor=0.2,
min_abs=0.0,
prob=1.0,
)
y_grad = torch.sign(torch.randn(probs.numel(), N))
@ -640,7 +673,7 @@ def _test_activation_balancer_magnitude():
max_factor=0.2,
min_abs=0.2,
max_abs=0.8,
prob=1.0,
min_prob=1.0,
)
y_grad = torch.sign(torch.randn(magnitudes.numel(), N))